ANTH 11 - Pennsylvania State University-Midterm Exam 02 _Score for this quiz: 134.4 out of 140

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ANTH 11 - Pennsylvania State University-Midterm Exam 02 _Score for this quiz: 134.4 out of 140 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 1/31 ... Midterm Exam 02 Question 1 2.8 / 2.8 pts Accumulating evidence indicates that the first farming communities in the American Southwest were likely settled by _____________________.Uto-Aztecan speakers expanding northward out of Mexico Spanish colonists who brought with them horses for plowing the land 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 2/31 a band a Great Plains hunters who began to farm after the disappearance of large buffalo species Athapaskan speakers who descend from people who drifted southward from Canada around 1500 CE an offshoot of the Hopewell culture that used their mound-building skills to construct irrigation systems Farming communities appeared in the Southwest region sometime before 1000 BCE. The best explanation for the appearance of the first farmers in the region is the northward expansion of farmers who brought domesticates with them from highland Mexico. This expansion was fairly easy because there are no geographic barriers separating the Southwest from Mesoamerica. Linguistic studies have shown that that these individuals likely spoke a Uto-Aztecan language. (Chapter 6 pg. 113, Lesson 16:2) Question 2 2.8 / 2.8 pts What happened to the Ancestral Puebloan peoples living in Mesa Verde communities after AD 1300?They moved south and east and took up residence in Chaco communities and around the Rio Grande. They moved to the Great Plains. They were destroyed by warfare with Mogollon groups. They stayed in the area but became hunters and gatherers. They became the Navajo and Apache tribes. 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 3/31 Based on dendrochronological dates, we know that a severe drought affected all people living in the Greater Southwest between 1276- 1299 CE. By 1300, this prolonged drought ultimately caused Mesa Verde to be abandoned. The survivors moved to the south and east, took up residence with nearby villages, or relocated to the upper Rio Grande Valley. (Chapter 6 p.128, Lesson 17:8) Question 3 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following is NOT part of the “Upper Sonoran Agricultural Complex”?ManiocThe farming practices that developed in the Southwest involved what Richard Ford has called the "Upper Sonoran Agricultural Complex". The complex includes maize, bottle gourd, three kinds of beans (pinto, navy, and kidney), and squash. This package of domesticates was integrated into the cultural traditions of this region in different ways. There is no archaeological evidence for the domestication or cultivation of manioc in North America before the Spanish arrived. (Lesson 16, Chapter 6 pg. 114). Squash Maize Pinto Beans Bottle gourds Question 4 2.8 / 2.8 pts Based on evidence obtained using dendrochronology, which of the following do we know began to plague the Southwest farmers after 1150 CE? 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 4/31 periodic droughts heavy rains hailstorms swarms of locust cycles of frost and warming events After 1000BCE conditions became wetter and cooler in the Southwest until around 1150CE when conditions more like those of today returned. After 1150 CE conditions were once again more hostile to farmers than they were when they first started farming the region. Tree rings also reveal that more severe droughts began to plague farmers periodically after 1150CE. (Chapter 6 pg. 115, Lesson 16:5) Question 5 2.8 / 2.8 pts Trade goods from Mesoamerica were brought north to Chaco in exchange for what item from the Greater Southwest?turquoise hematite maize decorative pottery gold 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 5/31 Turquoise trade to Mexico from the Greater Southwest brought copper artifacts, exotic birds, and other influences from Mesoamerica in exchange. Choacoan communities controlled the turquoise trade by the ninth century. Chaco Canyon became a distribution hub for a system that brought in turquoise from great distances and at least some of it was carried South into Mexico. (Chapter 6:5 pg. 131, Lesson 17) Question 6 2.8 / 2.8 pts What archaeological evidence unearthed at the Snaketown site indicates that the Hohokam had trade relations with groups in Mexico?ball courts, copper bells, and exotic bird bones Mayan calendars and ceremonial masks exotic mammal bones and gold nuggets inscribed tablets that may represent transaction receipts Hohokan and Mexican individuals buried in communal graves Question 7 2.8 / 2.8 pts All of the following are addressed by the hypothesis that Chacoan roads were built to facilitate pilgrimages to Chaco Canyon EXCEPT ___________________. the acquisition and transportation of timbers the high-quality construction of the roads the presence of surplus of rooms in Chacoan great houses the importance of turquoise 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 6/31 the location and distribution of religious artifacts found in the region Question 8 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following is the BEST definition of "temper" as it applies to Native American pottery?sand, crushed shell, grit, or other material added to clay to make shaping and firing easier to control a term used to describe how easily a material could be shaped into a particular vessel a glaze applied to the outside of some items to prevent cracking during the firing process silt and mud added to clay to allow for the production of finer, smooth walled vessels a term used to describe how aggravated a potter was likely to get when attempting to construct a particular form Question 9 2.8 / 2.8 pts Sites from the Classic Mimbres phase (1000-1150CE. are particularly appealing to looters because ____________________. wind has eroded deposits so artifacts are easily visible on the ground surface 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 7/31 many ceremonial artifacts were left in easily accessible caves pottery from this time is decorative and appealing to modern tastes Mexican artifacts of gold and silver are often present the soils at most sites are soft and easy to dig through Question 10 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following BEST describes Montezuma Castle and its relationship to the Aztec emperor Montezuma?it is a cliff dwelling and has absolutely nothing to do with the emperor it is an adobe brick castle built by the emperor after he was exiled by Spanish invaders it is a cliff dwelling built to house the remains of the emperor in its large ceremonial plaza it is a stone building built by Aztec migrants and named in honor of one of their great emperors it is the only stone castle built in the American Southwest that uses the Aztec styles popular during the reign of Montezuma Question 11 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following was NOT a center of the Classic Maya? Tikal 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 8/31 Palenque Yaxchilan Copan Teotihuacan Of the centers of the Classic Maya Tikal, Palenque,and Copan are particularly noteworthy. You should be familiar with the key features of each. Teotihuacan was not a Mayan city. (Chapter 7:15 pg. 165-167, Lesson 21:5-7) Question 12 2.8 / 2.8 pts The politically dominant ethnic group in the Valley of Oaxaca during the Classic Period was the ________________.Zapotecs Mixtecs Olmecs Maya Toltecs Question 13 2.8 / 2.8 pts The collapse of Copan and other classic Mayan ceremonial centers is most likely due to changes resulting from _________________.unpredictable variations in precipitation and temperature many centuries of overpopulation 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 9/31 a drop in the number of large game animals in the region new diseases brought by Europeans a change in religion where these centers were no longer important Although the collapse of Maya centers was neither sudden nor universal, the collapse in many areas can be explained by unpredictable variations in temperature and precipitation that allowed for a multitude of other factors to come into play. These secondary factors ultimately caused political and social collapse. Without the severe and prolonged drought that plagued the region around 850 CE, it is unlikely that the other factors would have individually caused collapse at this time.(Chapter 7:16 pg. 166-168, Lesson 21:7) Question 14 2.8 / 2.8 pts The foundation for the development of the first complex societies in North American was provided by the domestication of plants in Mesoamerica, especially maize and _________.beans wheat barley potatoes rice 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 10/31 The domestication of plants in Mesoamerica provided the economic foundation for the development of the first complex societies in North America. Beans provided an important source of protein in the Mesoamerican diet. Beans spread to North American much more slowly than did maize. This is likely because their fruiting is timed by the numbers of hours of daylight they receive, and thus are far more sensitive to shifts in temperature and sunlight as they moved northward. (Chapter 7:3 Pg. 141-142) Question 15 2.8 / 2.8 pts Teotihuacan became the greatest urban center in the Basin of Mexico after much of the infrastructure of the city of Cuicuilco was destroyed by _______________.several volcanic eruptionsTeotihuacan and Chicuilo were large competing polities in the Basin of Mexico. Around 150 BCE, the volcano, Xitli, erupted and destroyed much of the infrastructure of the city. About 400 years later (sometime around 300 CE.,the volcano erupted again left much of the settlement encased within a lava flow. This shifted the center of political power in the Basin of Mexico to Teotihuacan.(Chapter 7:8 pg. 150 -151, Lesson 20:3) a series of inept political leaders a series of droughts a collapse of the city's irrigation system invading Aztec armies Question 16 2.8 / 2.8 pts 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 11/31 The politically dominant ethnic group in the Valley of Oaxaca during the Classic Period was the ________________. Mixtecs Olmecs Maya Zapotecs Toltecs Question 17 2.8 / 2.8 pts Site Q, located in the Guatemalan Peten, is highlighted in your book because it _______________________.highlights the struggle between looters and legitimate archaeologists is the oldest site ever found in Guatemala allowed archaeologists to decode the entire Mayan language was the first Maya ceremonial center found to contain multiple royal tombs was the first archaeological site under 24-hour surveillance to protect from looting Question 18 2.8 / 2.8 pts The highlands of Guatemala and the lowland Peten and Yucatan regions of Mexico and Belize are home to the ______________.Maya 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 12/31 Inca Aztecs Iroquois Question 19 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following BEST describes the colossal heads of the Olmec culture?Archaeologists are uncertain but believe that each head is a portrait. They are portraits of modern rugby players made by Olmec descendants. Each represent the face of a different Olmec god. They are representations of the chiefs who paid to have the colossal heads built. They represent wealthy merchants who started the African slave trade in Mesoamerica. Question 20 2.8 / 2.8 pts Hieroglyphics (like those used by the Maya) are different from pictographs because glyphs are________________.symbolic and represent phonemic sounds, words, items, or actions simple drawings used to literally represent specific items used only for decorative purposes and convey no message 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 13/31 much larger than pictograms and are found only on Maya ceremonial buildings Question 21 2.8 / 2.8 pts The two main island cities at the heart of the Aztec empire were ___________ and ______________.Tlatelolco and TenochtitlanThe ancestors of the Aztecs likely migrated from parts of northwestern Mexico around 1250 CE. They called themselves Mexica and existed as subjects to various city-states located around the Basin of Mexico. They were widely considered to be bad neighbors and rude barbarians. This was the result of their reputation for widespread human sacrifice, the kidnaping of women, and the willingness to almost eat anything. They were eventually forced to retreat to a swampy island in Lake Texcoco where they founded the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlateleleco. These became the core of the Aztec empire. Tlatelolco was the commercial capital, with a huge central market, while Tenochtitlan contained the emperor’s palace and the main temples.(Chapter 8 p.174, Lesson 22: 2-3) Tlacopan and Azcapotzalco Texcotzingo and Texcoco Chalco and Xochimilco Tula and Tollan Question 22 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following best describes the fate of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan? 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 14/31 It was deliberately destroyed by the Spanish and buried under rubble until discovered in 1978. It was destroyed by the Spanish and no trace of it remains on the landscape. It was planned, but was never built due to severe population decline. It was built on unstable ground and sunk into the swamp surrounding the city. It is mostly intact and functions as a tourist attraction in Mexico City. The Great Temple of Tenochtitlan was torn down by the Spanish to make way for a great cathedral. The temple remained hidden in a mound of rubble under colonial-age buildings until it was discovered during excavations in 1978. (p. 181) Question 23 2.8 / 2.8 pts ___________, the capital of the Toltec Empire, was probably initially founded around 700CE.Tula Teotihuacan Cholula Monte Alban Uxmal 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 15/31 Tula was the capital of the Toltec empire. It was located on the fringe of a desert and was likely founded around 700 CE. As Nahuatlspeaking immigrants were forced south, they joined the community and Tula became a full-blown city-state of around 60,000 people between 900-1175 CE. (Chapter 8, p.172-173, Lesson 22) Question 24 2.8 / 2.8 pts As the result of ______________________________, only 13 of the countless books created by Aztec scribes are known to have survived to the present day.the efforts of the Spanish to systematically eradicate non-Christian textsWhen the Spanish arrived in Mesoamerica they found many examples of pictorial writing in the form of codicies. These were produced on bark or deer hide and had vivid color illustrations. They were most divinatory almanacs that were consulted at important events in a persons life to determine their fate. To the Spanish, these were the works of the devil and had to be destroyed. The books were burned in heaps and only 13 are known to have survived. (p. 183-184) a great fire that destroyed the museum in which most of these books were housed in the early 1900s the sinking of several Spanish ships that contained most of the books confiscated from the Aztec people the tendency of deerskin to degrade over time the primitive types of pigments available in Mesoamerica Question 25 2.8 / 2.8 pts 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 16/31 An "atlatl" can best be described as __________________. a spear thrower an extinct species of small deer a special type of bow used only by the Maya a small fish found in most North American streams a gourd that was heavily relied upon in times of drought This is a definition question (and one you should be familiar with from previous chapters). An atlatl is a spear thrower. After most North American cultures had switched to the bow and arrow, the Aztecs retained the spear and atlatl. This is most likely because spears launched with an atlatl could penetrate armor that a bow and arrow could not. (Chapter 8 pg. 178). Question 26 2.8 / 2.8 pts Based on information in the Aztec origin myth and other archaeological evidence, the city of Aztlan was _________________.the mythical homeland of the Aztec people the third biggest Aztec city existing at the time of contact the Aztec name for the city of Tenochtitlan a town where archaeologists often stay during excavations of Tikal a single, large documented site where the Aztec people originated Incorrect Incorrect Question 27 0 / 2.8 pts 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 17/31 The largest pyramid in the Americas was built at which of the following sites? Tula Teotihuacan Cacaxtla Tenochtitlan Cholula The Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan is an enormous construction, but still smaller than the main pyramid at Cholula. It was the largest pyramid built in the Americas. The Spanish built a Christian church atop the pyramid to symbolically claim it both politically and religiously. (Lesson 22) Question 28 2.8 / 2.8 pts Cacaxtla was probably founded by _________________ who were eventually expelled by the _______________.Chontal Maya; ToltecsChontal Maya inhabited areas to the south of the Basin of Mexico. Toltecs; Aztecs Teotihuacanos; Aztecs Zapotecs; Mixtecs Toltecs; Mixtecs 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 18/31 Question 29 2.8 / 2.8 pts The ______________, who we call the Aztecs, formed the core of Mesoamerica's last great pre-Hispanic empire and founded the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco.Mexica Aztlantians Toltecs Inca Maya Question 30 2.8 / 2.8 pts The Aztec Empire was initiated with the forming of the Triple Alliance and a successful rebellion against the ___________________ in 1427.Tepanecs Mexica Mixtecs Zapotecs Chontal Mayas 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 19/31 The Aztecs of Tenochititlan and Tlatelolco allied themselves with the cities of Texcoco and Tlacopan as the first step forward building their empire. In 1427 they overthrew the Tepanecs who inhabited Azcapotzalco, the dominant city state in the Valley of Mexico after the fall of the Toltec Empire. Although much of the evidence we have for this Triple Alliance comes from sources written decades after the Spanish conquest, most scholars assume these accounts to be credible as long as the continue to be supported by other lines of evidence. (p. 173-174, Lesson 23) Question 31 2.8 / 2.8 pts A "charnel house" can be best described as ______________.a mortuary structure designed to hold the remains of distinguished ancestorsCharnel houses were specialized buildings meant to hold the remains of the deceased. This honor was typically reserved for the elite of Mississippian societies and, even then, the buildings were periodically cleared out and the remains taken elsewhere for burial. The worst thing that an enemy could do after entering a town was to defile the ancestral bones housed in the charnel house. (Chapter 9 - p. 200) a religious building used only by high priests on a specific festival day a pottery vessel said to hold the soul of a particular ancestor a building located just inside of the palisade that was used to store weapons a mud-brick structure at the center of the town where peace negotiations would be held 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 20/31 Question 32 2.8 / 2.8 pts In the Mississippian region, an important non-agricultural source of protein was provided by ______________.FishBeans are an excellent source of protein, but did not arrive in the Eastern Woodlands until several centuries after the arrival of maize. Fish, including catfish, inhabited the oxbow lakes of the rivers in this area and provided an important source of protein. (Lesson 25:7 - Fishing, Chapter 9 - p. 197) Wild beans Human Flesh Algae Maize Question 33 2.8 / 2.8 pts The largest single earthen mound north of Mesoamerica is Monks' Mound at the site of __________________.Cahokia Snakeville Moundville Oculgee Etowah 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 21/31 Although the people of Cahokia built over 100 mounds, about half of the fill used in these earthworks went to construct a huge platform mound in the center of the town. Monks' Mound at Cahokia is very large, but could have been built by a relatively small group of people working a few weeks each year. Successive building phases brought this mound to a height of 30 meters after centuries of effort. It is the largest earthen structure north of Mesoamerica (Chapter 9:5 - p. 201- 202, Lesson 26:1 - Cahokia) Question 34 2.8 / 2.8 pts Mississippian polities with large platform mound, chiefdom centers arose in the Eastern Woodlands ___________.after Mesoamerican maize was added to the regional dietChiefdoms did not arise in the Eastern Woodlands until Mesoamerican maize was added to the regional diet. (Chapter 9:1 - p. 195). before the great migration took place between North and South America after the previous occupants of the area were displaced by a Quetzackoatl invasion as a response to the arrival of Spanish conquistadores in the area after buffalo became the primary source of dietary protein in the region Question 35 2.8 / 2.8 pts All of the following are characteristics of chiefdoms EXCEPT that ___________. 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 22/31 they are more socially complex than tribes they are very stable and often last for a very long time they have two or more levels of integration they have a subsistence base that is productive enough to support a class of elites chiefs maintain support by the control and redistribution of food and other valuables Chiefdoms can be more simply defined as socio-political organizations that feature two or more levels of integration. In order to form, they require a subsistence base that is productive enough to support a class of elites and complex enough to require their authority and ranked organizational structure. Chiefdoms are often lead by charismatic leaders who held the allegiance of those subordinate to them by force of personality. They earned their keep by managing surpluses of critical resources. Chiefdoms are inherently unstable and tend to cycle in and out of existence because of their tendency for them to fission when they experience internal conflict. (Lesson 25:10, Chapter 9 pg. 197-198). Question 36 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following is the BEST definition for "circumscription"?the constraint on population growth imposed by surrounding populations of similar type a type of societal organization where individuals lived in circular villages the process by which villages became enclosed within walls and palisades 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 23/31 the constraint on village growth resulting from poor leadership a cap on population growth imposed by the amount of food available in an area Question 37 2.8 / 2.8 pts The most distantly procured marine shell at Spiro Mounds came from as far away as _____________________.the Pacific CoastMost of the Olivella shell beads found at Spiro and other Mississippian sites are made of shell from the Gulf of Mexico; however, some beads made from Olivella dama could only have come from the Gulf of California on the Pacific Ocean. (Chapter 9 - p. 214-216, Lesson 27:14 - Spiro Mounds) the Atlantic Coast the Gulf of Mexico the Caribbean Sea the Arctic Ocean Question 38 2.8 / 2.8 pts The two dominant themes of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex are the importance of ancestors and ___________________.warfare fertility 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 24/31 animal gods human sacrifice shamanism Incorrect Incorrect Question 39 0 / 2.8 pts The Dickson Mounds site is a large burial complex in the Illinois River valley that exemplifies which of the following trends of the Mississippian cultures?increased warfare resulting from unstable climatic conditions a greater emphasis on ritualistic human sacrifice a shift away from burial mounds to decentralized cemeteries higher infant mortality resulting from poor sanitation in urban areas larger and more complex burial mound complexes as the focal points of the community Question 40 2.8 / 2.8 pts Based on archaeological evidence, which of the following BEST describes the introduction of maize, beans, and squash into the Eastern Woodlands? maize, beans, and squash arrived as a single package around 750 CE beans arrived first, followed hundreds of years later by squash and maize maize and squash were staple foods, but beans were never able to grow in the northern climate 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 25/31 maize and beans were important, but we have no archaeological evidence of squash in the region squash was an important early domesticate, followed by maize and, much later, beans Question 41 2.8 / 2.8 pts In general, the onset of epidemics in the American Northeast and Midwest was delayed by _______________.the absence of European children who carried the germs that Native Americans lacked immunity towards the great vacant areas of low population in the Appalachians skirmishes with the French that kept the English and Spanish away from Native American settlements the onset of the Little Ice Age the anti-bacterial properties of the plants used to construct Iroquoian longhouses 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 26/31 Many of the diseases that decimated Native American populations were Old World childhood afflictions. These diseases did not become a problem in the New World until entire families were settled. The epidemics were occurred anywhere from the 16th to 19th centuries depending on the region and how early families were settled there. Despite the delay, once the diseases arrived, they swept through the Eastern Woodlands and rapidly depopulated large sections of the region. Within several decades, the land had reverted to wilderness. (Chapter 10:10 p. 238-239, Lesson 29:8). Question 42 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following best describes the League of the Iroquois?a weak political alliance that existed primarily for mutual defense, occasional military offense, and coping with European colonial expansion a strong alliance between three tribes to ensure subjugation of ethnic outgroups a complex network of small villages that exchanged food in times of need a strong alliance of fifty chiefs that were set on slaughtering invading Europeans and forcing them out of the Americas a political system designed to concentrate political power in the hands of high ranking individuals across many related tribes 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 27/31 Iroquois warfare was fueled predominantly by cycles of revenge. This cycle of revenge was eventually brought under control by the formation of weak confederacies. The Northern Iroquois confederacy consisted of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. Decisions within the league had to be made by unanimously by all league chiefs. Thus, the Leagues of the Iroquois was a weak political alliance that existed primarily to keep internal peace, to provide occasionally for mutual defense, to facilitate the occasional military offense, and to cope with European colonial expansion. (Chapter 10:8, p. 233, Lesson 30:5) Question 43 2.8 / 2.8 pts During the Medieval Maximum the boundary at which 120 frost free days occur annually shifted further _____________.NorthThe Medieval Maximum was a long-term warm spell that peaked around 1000 CE. This warm period pushed the line of 120 frost-free days further north and expanded the region appropriate for certain types of farming. This had a great impact on maize agriculture, which requires 120 frost free days to mature. (Chapter 10:1 p. 218-219, Lesson 28:1) South East West Northeast Question 44 2.8 / 2.8 pts 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 28/31 Which of the following led to the development of the Iroquoian longhouse? strong matrilineal organization and matrilocal postmarital residence the introduction of iron tools that allowed for the harvesting of old-growth forests the rapid development of new architectural technology a cultural need to display new forms of weaving the need to protect females in the tribe from raids by neighboring groups The Northern Iroquois had strong matrilineal organization and used matrilocal postmarital residence to break up groups of related males and put women in charge of household affairs. This arrangement led to the development of the Iroquoian longhouse. This multifamily house could expand to accommodate more nuclear families as daughters married, brought home new husbands, and began having children of their own. (Lesson 30:3, Chapter 10 p. 227-228) Question 45 2.8 / 2.8 pts Which of the following is the major assumption underlying the in situ hypothesis as posed by James Griffin?migration is rare and has to be supported by strong evidence before it can be inferred lithic, botanical, settlement, and linguistic data will always be found for any tribe that evolved in situ 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 29/31 tribes must remain in situ for extremely long periods of time for evidence of their evolution to be found large game animals and Native American tribes in the northeastern United State co-evolved crops such as maize, beans, and squash evolved in situ in the Northeastern United States prior to being exploited by Native Americans In the mid-1940s, James B. Griffin rejected untestable speculation and urged his students to begin with the assumption that migration was rare and had to be supported by evidence before it could be inferred. His model hypothesized that Northern Iroquoians had evolved in situ (in place). This became the standard working hypothesis in Iroquoian archaeology for the next fifty years. The accumulated archaeological, linguistic, and genetic evidence no longer allows for a model that assumes a 2,000-year-in-place development of the Northern Iroquoians. (Lesson 30:7, Chapter 10 p. 224-225) Question 46 2.8 / 2.8 pts What technological advantage is thought to have allowed Proto-Algonquians to spread into territory dominated by the Hopewell culture?bow and arrow birchbark canoe atlatl copper axes firearms 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 30/31 Question 47 2.8 / 2.8 pts Increased production of standard-sized marine shell wampum by New England Algonquian craftspeople after 1600CE was made possible by __________________.the availability of European metal tools a rapid increase in the birth rate leading to more children participating in production an explosion in the local shellfish populations the spread of new shell-drilling technology from neighboring tribes the production of specialized workshops in towns Question 48 2.8 / 2.8 pts Distinctive globular form shell-tempered cooking pots, often with strap handles and incised designs, are a cultural marker of which of the following groups found in the Eastern Woodlands?Oneota Cheyenne Onondaga Mohawk Seneca Question 49 2.8 / 2.8 pts 6/12/2018 Midterm Exam 02: [18SU-1] ANTH 011, Sec MRG, Intro N A Archy (Rochette) https://psu.instructure.com/courses/1955439/quizzes/3438746 31/31 Which of the following BEST describes a "nation" as used in the readings? a polity or set of polities united by common language and customs a formal Native American state a cluster of small settlements with a large town at its center a collection of large cities interspersed among farming areas under a central government a collection of culturally distinct tribes united under a single chief Question 50 2.8 / 2.8 pts The League of the Iroquois was able to destroy, disperse, or absorb all other Northern Iroquoian confederacies because they had the advantage of ___________________.European alliances, political support, and firearms resistance to infectious disease a more stable food production strategy European metal tools and draft animals better trained warriors and bow and arrow technology Quiz Score: 134.4 out of 140 [Show More]

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