NERC RANDOM Questions and Answers (100% Guaranteed Pass)

When current in an AC circuit is doubled, power losses in the circuit will respond in which way? a) half as much b) does not change c) doubles d) four times greater d) four times greater What determines the s ...

When current in an AC circuit is doubled, power losses in the circuit will respond in which way? a) half as much b) does not change c) doubles d) four times greater d) four times greater What determines the size of insulators used on power lines? a) Current flow on the line b) Voltage level of the line c) Reactance of the line d) Operating Limit of the line b) Voltage level of the line Reactive power is needed to support which type of load? a) Inductive b) Capacitive c) Impedance d) Resistive a) Inductive When isolating equipment in the electrical system, what device is most often used as a visual clearance point? a) Circuit switchers b) Fuses c) Disconnect switches d) Circuit breakers c) Disconnect switches What is current? a) Electrons that flow on a conductor b) Electrical pressure applied to a conductor c) Sine wave d) Water flow rate a) Electrons that flow on a conductor How many phases are there in most high voltage power systems? a) 10 phases b) 1 phase c) 3 phases d) 2 phases c) 3 phases What does the term system fault mean? a) the physical problem in a device, component or element b) abnormal current flow on an unintended path c) a device or component not operating as designed d) the fault of the system for not operating as designed b) abnormal current flow on an unintended path What is the most common type of fault on the power system? a) Line to Ground b) Line to Line c) Three Phase d) Phase to Neutral a) Line to Ground When a high voltage transmission line is producing reactive power due to the conductor being energized and lightly loaded, the line exhibits which characteristic? a) Resistive b) Inductive c) Lagging d) Capacitive d) Capacitive Why would a power company purchase generation from another company versus generating themselves to meet their load? a) So they can sell at a profit b) To create inadvertent c) For Economics d) Don't have enough generation c) For Economics What is a common type of substation configuration? a) Breaker and a half b) Highway c) Radial d) Junction c) Radial In normal operations, which type of power usually has the largest magnitude? a) Real Power b) Apparent Power c) Reactive Power d) Hydro Power b) Apparent Power How are generators typically classified in the power system? a) Fuel source b) Cycling capability c) Capacity d) Generating voltage a) Fuel source When Interconnection frequency is below 60.00 Hertz, how do Balancing Authorities support Interconnection Frequency? a) Increasing excitation on field windings b) Decrease MW output c) Increasing MW output d) Remain at current MW output level c) Increasing MW output If load is balanced equally among each phase, how much current will flow on the neutral point? a) Neutral current will be zero when balanced b) Equal to the sum of the power flow c) Half the flow of each phase d) Equal to the flow on each phase a) Neutral current will be zero when balanced A generator is a machine that produces energy. Which of the following statements best describes this process? a) A generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy b) A generator produces imaginary power using real fuel c) A generator does not convert energy it makes it d) A generator converts electrical energy to mechanical energy a) A generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy Which three variables are part of the OHM's law equation? a) Potential, Current, Transformers b) Current In, Current Out, Node c) MW, MVAR, MVA d) Voltage, Current, Impedance d) Voltage, Current, Impedance An electric power system that is experiencing low voltage is an indication of which of the following? a) A deficiency in reactive power b) Not enough reactors in service c) A surplus of reactive power d) Planned transmission line outages a) A deficiency in reactive power If the frequency on both sides of an open breaker is exactly matched, which of the following statements is true? a) The phase angle across the breaker is zero b) The power angle is 90 degrees c) The voltage angle is 180 degrees d) The phase angle across the breaker is constant d) The phase angle across the breaker is constant What is the advantage of transmitting power at high voltage levels? a) Increase power losses b) No voltage issues c) Power losses are reduced d) Power moves faster c) Power losses are reduced Ohm's law is a relationship between three variables, what is that equation? a) Voltage equals resistance plus impedance b) Voltage equals current times impedance c) Impedance equals current times voltage d) Current equal voltage times resistance b) Voltage equals current times impedance When a transmission line is absorbing reactive power, VARs from the system, the line is exhibiting which characteristics? a) Inductive b) Resistive c) Leading d) Capacitive a) Inductive What are the governor control systems designed to do? a) Economically move generators b) Arrest declining frequency c) Adjust to any change in frequency d) Maintain a constant speed b) Arrest declining frequency What does the term Voltage mean in a power system? a) electromotive force that causes electrons to flow b) electromagnet induction c) a force that makes a generator rotate d) a force that prevents electrons to move a) electromotive force that causes electrons to flow In a three phase Alternating Current generator, each phase is physically how far apart? a) Offset by 90 degrees b) Offset by 360 degrees c) Offset by 120 degrees d) Offset by 180 degrees c) Offset by 120 degrees A Balancing Authority has an ACE reading of -100MWs and frequency is 60.12 Hz. Is the BA exceeding the BAAL? a) It is impossible to determine from the given information. b) Yes c) Yes, but as long as the BA gets within its BAAL in 30 minutes, there is no violation. d) No d) No Feedback: When frequency is above schedule, as in this case, the BAAL LOW does not apply. Therefore, there is no negative ACE limit in effect. How is the Frequency Response Measure (FRM) of a Balancing Authority determined? a) It is the median of the BA's frequency response for the frequency deviation events identified by NERC for the previous year. b) It is the previous year's Control Performance Standard 1 (CPS1) score. c) It is the change in the BA's Net Interchange Actual for the largest frequency deviation during the previous year. d) It is the average of the BA's frequency response for all of the frequency deviations of the previous year. a) It is the median of the BA's frequency response for the frequency deviation events identified by NERC for the previous year. The Contingency Reserve Restoration period is ________. a) ninety minutes b) one minute c) fifteen minutes d) forty-five minutes a) ninety minutes Feedback: The Contingency Reserve Restoration Period begins at the end of the Disturbance Recovery Period. The default Contingency Reserve Restoration Period is 90 minutes. This period may be adjusted to better suit the reliability targets of the Interconnection based on analysis approved by the NERC Operating Committee. The Contingency Reserve Restoration period is ninety minutes beyond the (15-minute) Disturbance Recovery Period. This means that the Balancing Authority or Reserve Sharing Group must obtain enough reserves to respond to the next most severe single contingency not longer than 90 minutes later. Shedding load would be an option to acquire enough contingency reserves to meet the next reportable disturbance if the reserves cannot be obtained by more normal means. If a Reserve Sharing Group member has experienced a Reportable Disturbance condition but does not call for reserve activation from other members, the entire group shall still be considered to be in a disturbance condition. True or False False Feedback: Each Reserve Sharing Group shall comply with the DCS. A Reserve Sharing Group shall be considered in a Reportable Disturbance condition whenever a group member has experienced a Reportable Disturbance and calls for the activation of Contingency Reserves from one or more other group members. (If a group member has experienced a Reportable Disturbance but does not call for reserve activation from other members of the Reserve Sharing Group, then that member shall report as a single Balancing Authority.) In order to achieve sufficient Frequency Response, the Frequency Response Measure (FRM) of a Balancing Authority or Frequency Response Sharing Group must be: a) Tested annually b) Reported annually c) Approved by NERC d) Equal to or more negative than the Frequency Response Obligation (FRO) d) Equal to or more negative than the Frequency Response Obligation (FRO) Feedback: BAL 003 requires that the annual FRM for a Balancing Authority or FRSG must be equal to or more negative than its FRO. How is the Frequency Response Obligation (FRO) of a Frequency Response Sharing Group determined? a) By taking the median Frequency Response Measure of the previous year. b) By adding the individual FRO's of each member. c) By adding the member's Frequency Response Measures of the previous year. d) By averaging the members' FRO's. b) By adding the individual FRO's of each member. Feedback: NERC allows Balancing Authorities to form Frequency Response Sharing Groups (FRSGs) with other Balancing Authorities as a means to jointly meet their FROs. These FRGs determine their joint FRO by adding up the member's individual FROs. Automatic Generation Control automatically and ____________ adjusts a Balancing Authority's generation in response to changes in the Balancing Authority's ACE. a) positively b) economically c) precisely d) correctly b) economically Feedback: Automatic Generation Control automatically, with an economic component, adjusts a Balancing Authority's generation in response to change in its ACE. Which entities may determine if a deviation of a Dynamic Schedule constitutes a reliability concern? What entity must they notify of that determination? a) A Reliability coordinator to Transmission Operator makes the determination and must notify the Sink Balancing Authority b) A Reliability Coordinator or Transmission Operator makes the determination and must notify the Purchasing-Selling Entity c) Only the Transmission Operator may make the determination and must notify the Sink Balancing Authority d) Only the Reliability Coordinator may make the determination and must notify the Purchasing-Selling Agent b) A Reliability Coordinator or Transmission Operator makes the determination and must notify the Purchasing-Selling Entity Feedback: The Purchasing-Selling Entity responsible for the Dynamic Interchange Schedule shall ensure it is updated for the next available scheduling hours and future hours when a Reliability Coordinator or Transmission Operator determines the deviation, regardless of magnitude, to be a reliability concern and notifies the Purchasing-Selling Entity of that determination and the reasons for it. Actual System Frequency (FA) is 60.03 Hz, a Balancing Authority is under-generating slightly to prepare for an upcoming interchange transaction. What is the Balancing Authority doing? a) The BA is hurting the Interconnection Frequency. b) The BA is in CPS1 violation. c) The BA is helping the Interconnection Frequency. d) The BA is in BAAL violation c) The BA is helping the Interconnection Frequency. Feedback: Since frequency is above schedule, the Interconnection as a whole is over-generating. The BA is under-generating, therefore doing its part to help return frequency to schedule. This will help the BAs CPS1 score at the end of the month Balancing Authorities should only implement or operate Pseudo-Ties that are included in what document? a) The NERC Reliability Standards b) The NAESB Electric Industry Registry c) The North American Electric Standards d) The FERC Standards of Conduct b) The NAESB Electric Industry Registry Feedback: NERC Standard INT-004 Each Balancing Authority shall only implement or operate a Pseudo-Tie that is included in the NAESB Electric Industry Registry publication in order to support congestion management procedures. The Confirmed Interchange associated with a Dynamic Schedule is 370 MWs. Assuming the deviation is expected to persist, how much must the actual hourly integrated energy deviate from the Confirmed Interchange to require an update to be submitted for future hours? a) More than +/- 25 MWs b) More than +/- 15% c) +/- 10% d) More than +/- 37 MWs d) More than +/- 37 MWs Feedback: R2 - The Purchasing-Selling Entity that submits a Request for Interchange in accordance with Requirement R1 shall ensure the Confirmed Interchange associated with that Dynamic Schedule or Pseudo-Tie is updated for future hours in order to support congestion management procedures if any one of the following occurs: 2.1. For Confirmed Interchange greater than 250 MWs for the last hour, the actual hourly integrated energy deviates from the Confirmed Interchange by more than 10% for that hour and that deviation is expected to persist. 2.2. For Confirmed Interchange less than or equal to 250 MWs for the last hour, the actual hourly integrated energy deviates from the Confirmed Interchange by more than 25 MWs for that hour and that deviation is expected to persist. 2.3. The Purchasing-Selling Entity receives notification from a Reliability Coordinator or Transmission Operator to update the Confirmed Interchange. Requirement 2.1 applies in this case which says if it deviates more than +/- 10%, which is 37 MWs. Which of the following is used to calculate a Balancing Authority's yearly Frequency Response Obligation (FRO)? a) The Balancing Authority's average Frequency Bias Setting for the year. b) The Balancing Authority's percentage of the Interconnection's generation and load. c) The change in the Balancing Authority's Net Interchange Actual for a frequency deviation. d) The Balancing Authority's average ACE and its L10 value. b) The Balancing Authority's percentage of the Interconnection's generation and load. Feedback: BAL 003 requires that a Balancing Authority meets its obligation to respond to frequency deviations caused by disturbances in the Interconnection. This obligation is called Frequency Response Obligation (FRO) and is calculated each year based on a Balancing Authority's percentage of the annual generation and load in the Interconnection to which it belongs. A Balancing Authority that is a member of a Generation Reserve Sharing Group is the Responsible Entity only in periods during which the Balancing Authority is not in active status under the applicable agreement or the governing rules for the Generation Reserve Sharing Group. True or False False Feedback: A Balancing Authority that is a member of a REGULATION Reserve Sharing Group is the Responsible Entity only in periods during which the Balancing Authority is not in active status under the applicable agreement or the governing rules for the REGULATION Reserve Sharing. Which of the following would be a use of the IME portion of the ACE equation? a) Account for the governor response of a Jointly Owned Unit. b) Represent a generator meter which is off by 20 MW. c) Represent flow of a tie line with an out of service meter. d) Comply with a DCS event. c) Represent flow of a tie line with an out of service meter. Who must approve a Reliability Adjustment Arranged Interchange before it is confirmed? a) Only the Source and Sink Balancing Authorities associated with the Interchange. b) The Reliability Coordinator approves all Reliability Adjustment Arranged Interchange c) Each Balancing Authority and Transmission Service Provider associated with the Interchange. d) All Balancing Authorities involved in the Interchange. a) Only the Source and Sink Balancing Authorities associated with the Interchange. Feedback: The Source Balancing Authority and the Sink Balancing Authority Receiving a Reliability Adjustment Arranged Interchange shall approve or deny it prior to the expiration of the time period defined in Attachment 1. Two Balancing Authorities have arranged for an Interchange Transaction. However, a High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) tie is on the scheduling path. What must the Balancing Authorities in the area where the HVDC tie is controlled do to complete the Interchange Agreement? a) Send the HVDC Transmission operator a copy of the Interchange Agreement after the Schedule has started ramping b) Nothing has to be done with the HVDC Transmission Operator because they will rectify any amount of megawatt flow as long as it does not exceed their operating limits c) Coordinate the Interchange Schedule with the Transmission operator of the HVDC tie prior to implementation d) Request the RC to complete the transaction c) Coordinate the Interchange Schedule with the Transmission operator of the HVDC tie prior to implementation Feedback: Each Balancing Authority in whose area the high-voltage direct current tie is controlled shall coordinate the Confirmed Interchange prior to its implementation with the Transmission Operator of the high-voltage direct current tie. ___________________ is a term used to describe the loss of a generating unit or plant after a close-in fault, or short circuit that is not cleared quickly enough. a) Voltage Collapse b) Cascading Outages c) Dynamic Instability d) Transient Instability d) Transient Instability Feedback: Transient Instability is a term used to describe the loss of a generating unit or plant after a close-in fault, or short circuit that is not cleared quickly enough. Transient instability is not likely to occur as part of cascading events leading to a blackout, but it could be an initial event that gets the ball rolling if the system is particularly heavily stressed. Since such instability causes generation to lose synchronism in a second or less, operators would only see the result. What process according to NERC Standard EOP-005 Attachment 1 directs operating personnel to evaluate how well the Restoration Plan works? a) Perform Contingency Analysis studies prior to switching critical facilities during normal operations and compare the results once the facility is removed from service. b) Perform a Restoration Drill c) Develop a set of procedures to test and/or simulate the plan d) Institute a training program for performing Emergency Preparedness exercises c) Develop a set of procedures to test and/or simulate the plan Feedback: The sixth element states that a set of procedures for simulating and, where practical, testing and verifying the plan resources and procedures be performed. System Operations should develop a simulation and testing process whereby Operating Personnel receive hands-on experience implementing the plan. This type of process will by its nature test the plan and train operating personnel in the plan's procedures. Any modifications and deficiencies can be addressed, and the plan revised if necessary. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) should be powered by which of the following? a) DC power b) Inverter c) AC power d) Substation Battery Charger a) DC power What is the term used to identify a condition when the transmission network connections between a generating unit, or a geographic grouping of units and the rest of the interconnection have become weakened such as can occur when cascading events are happening? a) Dynamic Instability b) Voltage Collapse c) Steady State Stability d) Cascading Outages a) Dynamic Instability Feedback: Dynamic Instability can develop between one generator, or a group of generating plants, and the interconnection. It can happen when the transmission network connections between a generating unit, or a geographic grouping of units and the rest of the interconnection have become weakened such as can occur when cascading events are happening. If, following a disturbance in the system, the synchronizing power oscillations become smaller in magnitude over several seconds, this is normal stable behavior. If, however, these oscillations grow larger over time, then dynamic instability is happening, and it will probably lead to the affected generation losing synchronism with the rest of the system and tripping off line with the loss of generation to the network. Please note that normally this phenomenon happens in seconds, too fast for operators to see it or to react. Cranking power or energizing power (station service) should be restored to power plants how soon? a) Within 1 hour b) Within 30 minutes c) Within 3-4 hours depending on which units were on line prior to the disturbance d) Within 24 hours b) Within 30 minutes Feedback: Cranking power or station service should be restored to the generating sites as soon as possible (within 30 minutes) to improve their availability. Relatively short delays in restoring auxiliary power can result in delays of several hours (or even days) in restoring the effected units due to the nature of boilers cooling down and steam condensing in the system. Station emergency generators and backup batteries may provide power for only the most essential safety systems but cannot be counted on as a source for a unit start-up. The syncroscope should be used to synchronize two systems together when at least one if not both systems are in an islanded condition. How is synchronization performed? a) The frequency and voltage must be equal. The incoming system should be a bit slower than the running system and the phase angle lights must be out (dark) when the breaker is closed. b) The frequency and voltage must be within 1%. The incoming system should be a bit faster than the running system and the phase angle lights must be out (dark) when the breaker is closed. c) The frequency and voltage must be equal. The incoming system should be a bit faster than the running system and the phase angle lights must be out (dark) when the breaker is closed. d) The frequency and voltage must be equal. The incoming system should be a bit faster than the running system and the phase angle lights must be on (bright) when the breaker is closed. c) The frequency and voltage must be equal. The incoming system should be a bit faster than the running system and the phase angle lights must be out (dark) when the breaker is closed. Feedback: The process for synchronizing is as follows: voltages on the "incoming" and "running" sides of the breaker must be equal (or within 2 kV); the speed of the incoming system should be slightly faster (clockwise) than the running system; phase angle across the breaker must be the same; when the sweep hand rotates clockwise to 5 minutes before 12 - CLOSE the breaker. If there is a voltage phase angle difference the amber lights will glow. The amber lights will be dark when NO PHASE ANGLE DIFFERENCE exists. Close the breaker only when the lights are dark. Operating entities may choose what type of safety strategy during the restoration activities to minimize the likelihood that a circuit will automatically reclose when a substation or line is energized? a) System Operators may be directed to perform a supervisory OPEN control on all "open" breakers prior to being energized b) System Operators Should perform a thorough system assessment and dispatch personnel to substations to retrieve relay targets c) System Operators may be directed to open all closed breakers on the system d) System Operators may choose to retrieve relay targets by interrogating the substation relays via specialized communications interface software a) System Operators may be directed to perform a supervisory OPEN control on all "open" breakers prior to being energized Feedback: Operating Entities may choose to implement a safe operating technique that addresses automatic reclosing on circuit breakers. Operators may be directed to perform a "Supervisory OPEN" control on an already open breaker to disable any reclosing feature. Performing an "OPEN" by supervisory control will usually disarm, disable, or inhibit most auto-reclosing relays from operating when the substation bus or connected line is energized. This feature of course is based on the design and implementation of the specific relay in use. As the demand for electricity varies, which parameter is monitored to ensure a generation-load balance in each interconnection? a) Tie-line flow b) Frequency c) ACE d) Interchange b) Frequency Feedback: Frequency is the indication of total generation load balance in the interconnection. Each Balancing Authority must ensure generation-load and interchange balancing within their area. It is the responsibility of the __________ to have a restoration plan for restoring its system following a Disturbance in which one or more areas of the Bulk Electric System (BES) shuts down and the use of Blackstart Resources is required to restore the shutdown area to service. a) Balancing Authority (BA) b) NERC c) Transmission Operator (TOP) d) Regional Reliability Organization (RRO) c) Transmission Operator (TOP) Feedback: EOP-005, R1: Each Transmission Operator is required to have a dated and documented System Restoration Plan, approved by its Reliability Coordinator, to re-establish its electric system in a stable and orderly manner in the event of a partial or total shutdown of its system. Each Reliability Coordinator shall review its restoration plan within _________ of the last review. a) 13 calendar months b) 6 calendar months c) 24 calendar months d) 60 calendar months a) 13 calendar months Each Reliability Coordinator shall conduct ___________ System Restoration drill(s), exercise(s), or simulation(s) per calendar year; a) two b) twelve c) one d) four a) two How often must a Reliability Coordinator review and update their backup functionality Operating Plan? a) Only when changes are made b) Semi-annually c) Annually d) Every quarter c) Annually When a transmission line trips, the power flow on that line will be reflected in other transmission lines and equipment. In order to ensure that the redistribution of power flowing on the remaining elements will not result in further uncontrolled outages and possibly cascading outages, System Operators should plan on mitigating the consequences of contingencies. What method is used to determine the reliability of the power system after a contingency? a) Real-time Monitoring b) Interconnection Agreements c) Operational Planning Analysis d) Seasonal studies c) Operational Planning Analysis Feedback: Operational Planning Analysis is an evaluation of projected system conditions to assess anticipated (pre-Contingency) and potential (post-Contingency) conditions for next-day operations. The evaluation shall reflect applicable inputs including, but not limited to, load forecasts, generation output levels, Interchange, known Protection System and Special Protection System status or degradation, transmission outages, generator outages, Facility Ratings, and identified phase angle and equipment limitations. Which type(s) of power transformers are affected by GMDs? a) Generator step-up transformers b) Direct current (DC) transformers c) Delta connected transformers d) Wye connected transformers d) Wye connected transformers Feedback: GICs enter a transformer through its ground connection, producing an off-setting DC excitation current. Delta connected transformers do not have a ground connection and therefore are not susceptible to GICs. What is a contingency? a) A change in electrical loading due to a generators output. b) An assessment of scheduled outages. c) Unexpected failure of a system component. d) A condition where resources are exhausted. c) Unexpected failure of a system component. What tool relies on the State Estimator? a) Energy Management System b) SCADA c) Contingency Analysis d) ACE c) Contingency Analysis What is generation shift factor? a) A coordinated action to prevent actual loading. b) Percentage of change of electrical power transfer when a facility is removed from service. c) Percentage change of electrical loading on a line due to change in power transfers from one area to another. d) Percentage change of loading on transmission due to generator output changes. d) Percentage change of loading on transmission due to generator output changes. A Reliability Coordinator performs an Operational Planning Analysis for the next day, and studies indicate a scheduled outage will cause an SOL violation. What is the best course of action for the system operator? a) Deny all requests submitted within that short time frame. b) Inform the Transmission Operator and delay the decision to approve the outage. c) Reschedule the outage for a later date. d) Approve the outage with the understanding the line cannot be out during peak. c) Reschedule the outage for a later date. What is a Transmission Loading Relief? a) A process identified by each Interconnection to relieve loading on the transmission system caused by power transfers across areas b) A coordinated effort to ensure energy emergencies will not occur c) A process to reduce market activities d) A coordinated action to prevent actual loading a) A process identified by each Interconnection to relieve loading on the transmission system caused by power transfers across areas What is Power Transfer Distribution Factor? a) Percentage change of electrical loading on a line due to change in power transfers from one area to another. b) Percentage change of loading on transmission due to generator output changes. c) A coordinated action to prevent actual loading. d) Percentage of change of electrical power transfer when a facility is removed from service. a) Percentage change of electrical loading on a line due to change in power transfers from one area to another. If an Operational Planning Analysis or a Real-time assessment indicates a potential emergency, what is the system operator's first action? a) Check targets b) Let the Reliability Coordinator come up with a plan c) Shed load d) Develop an Operating Plan to mitigate the emergency d) Develop an Operating Plan to mitigate the emergency What is Outage Transfer Distribution Factor? a) Percentage of change of electrical power transfer when a facility is removed from service. b) A coordinated action to prevent actual loading. c) Percentage change of electrical loading on a line due to change in power transfers from one area to another. d) Percentage change of loading on transmission due to generator output changes. a) Percentage of change of electrical power transfer when a facility is removed from service. Why is it necessary to report SOL and IROL violations to the Reliability Coordinator? a) To shift responsibility for fixing the issue to the Reliability Coordinator. b) The Reliability Coordinator will then determine consequences and penalties for the violation. c) The Reliability Coordinator will then notify neighboring Reliability Coordinators to open various circuit breakers. d) The Reliability Coordinator will then evaluate actions being taken and direct additional corrective actions as needed. d) The Reliability Coordinator will then evaluate actions being taken and direct additional corrective actions as needed. Feedback: The Reliability Coordinator's role is to evaluate actions taken to address a SOL and IROL violation. If the actions taken are not appropriate or sufficient, the Reliability Coordinator shall direct actions required to return the system to within limits. Which of the following are tasks of the Reliability Coordinator for its Reliability Coordinator Area? a) Determine most appropriate generation dispatch. b) Determine potential outage schedules. c) Monitor all System Facilities. d) Determine potential SOL and IROL violations. d) Determine potential SOL and IROL violations. Feedback: A Reliability Coordinator monitors Bulk Electric System facilities and must be able to determine any potential System Operating Limit and Interconnection Reliability Operating Limit violation within its Reliability Coordinator Area and direct actions to mitigate limit exceedance. Bulk Electric System is defined as all equipment connected to 100 kV and above facilities. Reliability Coordinators would not monitor system facilities below 100 kV unless critical to system reliability. Which entity initiates an Interconnection-wide Transmission Loading Procedure or authorizes a transmission relief process? a) Shift Supervisor b) Reliability Coordinator c) Generator Operator d) Transmission Operator b) Reliability Coordinator What is utilized in calculating the distribution of Interchange Transactions and determining curtailment of Interchange to relieve transmission loading? a) Distribution Factors b) Flowgate Methodology c) Congestion Management d) Interchange Calculator a) Distribution Factors Once a Reliability Coordinator issues an Operating Instruction to mitigate an emergency and preserve the reliability of the Bulk Electric System, actions shall be taken without delay and no longer than how much time? a) 15 minutes. b) 60 minutes. c) 120 minutes. d) 30 minutes. d) 30 minutes. If a portion of a Reliability Coordinator Area is experiencing low voltage, which is an Operating Instruction the Reliability Coordinator may issue in this situation? a) Increase transfers across area and increase generation in the RC area. b) Increase transfers across area and decrease generation in area with low voltage. c) Lower transfers across area and increase generation in area with low voltage. d) Lower transfers across area and decrease generation in area with low voltage. c) Lower transfers across area and increase generation in area with low voltage. Feedback: Low voltage is a result of insufficient reactive power and high losses associated with transferring power to load areas. Increasing generation in the area with low voltage reduces losses associated with transferring power. Starting generation will also increase the reactive power supply. It is a hot summer day which results in higher than expected loads. Reliability Coordinator A performs a Real-time assessment that shows a potential SOL violation based on contingency. The study determines actions are required by a Transmission Operator in Reliability Coordinator B's area. The Reliability Coordinators communicate, and actions are taken by the appropriate Transmission Operator. Reliability Coordinator A determines the potential SOL condition is resolved/mitigated. What must Reliability Coordinator A do next? a) Notify Reliability Coordinator B and any impacted Transmission Operators or Balancing Authorities in Reliability Coordinator A's area that the SOL has been resolved. b) Submit an Event Report to NERC. c) No further action is necessary. d) Notify all Reliability Coordinators through RCIS for lessons learned. a) Notify Reliability Coordinator B and any impacted Transmission Operators or Balancing Authorities in Reliability Coordinator A's area that the SOL has been resolved. Which are the three types of limits to consider when determining system limits? Select all that apply. a) Thermal b) Impedance c)Angle d)Voltage a) Thermal; c)Angle; d)Voltage Feedback: System Operating Limits are determined by the transmission line capacity and power transfer limits, which includes thermal limits, angle stability, and voltage stability. A transmission system must be operated so that which of the following will not occur as a result of the most severe single contingency? a) Power swings b) Transient instability c) Instability, uncontrolled separation, or cascading outages d) Current overloads c) Instability, uncontrolled separation, or cascading outages Transmission line transfer capability is determined by which characteristics? a) MW, MVAR, MVA limits b) System loading, voltage, impedance c) Transfer distribution factors d) Local loading, voltage, resistance b) System loading, voltage, impedance What physical law allows transformation of voltage and current using a transformer? a) Electricity b) Magnetism c) Voltage d) Electromagnetic induction d) Electromagnetic induction What is the effect on power losses if voltage is doubled and load magnitude stays the same? a) Losses decrease by a factor of four b) Losses are halved c) Losses increase by a factor of four d) Losses are doubled a) Losses decrease by a factor of four Feedback: Reference: Power loss is current squared times resistance. Increasing voltage reduces current. Reducing current will reduce the power losses by a factor of four. Transformers in a power system are used to increase voltage and reduce current. System operators should keep voltage within what range for normal operations? a) 5% greater than nominal and 5% less than nominal b) 10% less than nominal and 5% greater than nominal c) 5% less than nominal and 10% greater than nominal d) 10% greater than nominal and 10% less than nominal a) 5% greater than nominal and 5% less than nominal Feedback: Reference: The Transmission Operators' task is to control voltage and keep it within a plus or minus (+/-) 5% bandwidth during normal operations. What type of relay uses a combination of current transformer (CT) measurements and potential transformer (PT) measurements and operates when the ratio of the PT measurements to CT measurements is below a certain limit for a given period of time? a) Lockout relay (Device 86) b) Differential relay (Device 87) c) Distance Relay (Device 21) d) Time overcurrent relay (Device 51) c) Distance Relay (Device 21) A storm blows the A phase and B phase conductors of a 138 kV transmission line together, creating a phase-to-phase fault. The magnitude of the current and voltage on the line immediately change, causing the distance relays at each end of the line to operate. How did the current and voltage on the line change causing the relay to indicate a fault? a) The voltage increased and current decreased. b) The voltage increased and current increased. c) The voltage decreased and current increased. d) The voltage decreased and current decreased. c) The voltage decreased and current increased. Feedback: When a fault occurs on the power grid, the voltage decreases and the current increases resulting in a decrease in the impedance in the vicinity of the fault. the change in voltage and current is the input causing the distance relay to respond. In a system that is more capacitive than inductive, the current sine wave will ___________ the voltage sine wave which tends to ___________ voltage. a) lag; lower b) lag; raise c) lead; raise d) lead; lower c) lead; raise Feedback: An inductive system tends to lower voltages and require more voltage support. Voltage leads current in an inductive system (ELI). A capacitive system tends to raise voltage, current leads voltage in a capacitive system (ICE). What load is more affected by voltage reduction? a) capacitive b) motor c) inductive d) resistive d) resistive Frequency has a greater impact on what type of load? a) capacitive b) motor c) inductive d) resistive b) motor Who must approve an interchange intransaction before it becomes a confirmed interchange? a) ba b) rc c) to d) interchange coordinator a) ba Thermal limits are the direct result of? a) high torque and power angles b) the thermal capacity of the system equipment c) a reactive power deficiency d)all of the above b) the thermal capacity of the system equipment At what power angle does the next transfer across a transmission path equal 1/2 of the max? A) 15 degrees B) 20 degrees C) 30 degrees D) 45 degrees C) 30 degrees Angle stability are the result of? A) high torque and power angles B) the thermal capacity of system equipment C) a reactive power deficiency D) all the above A) high torque and power angles If the resistance is ignored, the maximum theoretical me flow across a transmission line will occur at a power angle of? A) 0 degrees B) 45 degrees C) 90 degrees D) 180 degrees C) 90 degrees If the resistance is ignored, the maximum theoretical mvar flow across a transmission line will occur at a power angle of? A) 0 degrees B) 45 degrees C) 90 degrees D) 180 degrees D) 180 degrees In which stage of a generators response to a systems disturbance is the power flow supported primarily by the generators excitation system? A) governor response stage B) agc stage C) electromagnetic energy stage D) inertial stage C) electromagnetic energy stage If system frequency were to run at 60.02 HZ for two consecutive hours, how much positive time error would occur? A) 2 seconds B) 2.4 seconds C) 1 second D) 1.2 seconds B) 2.4 seconds What element of the power system is typically most susceptible to damage from prolonged operation at frequencies above or below 60 hz? A) transformers greater than 300 mva B) low pressure turbine stage blades C) synchronous motors D) induction motors B) low pressure turbine stage blades