BIOL 102 Chapter 9 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University / BIOL 102 Chapter 9 Study guide latest 2020

BIOL 102 Chapter 9 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood CHAPTER OUTLINE Physical Development
The Growing Body
Motor Development
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BIOL 102 Chapter 9 Study guide latest 2020 - Liberty University Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood CHAPTER OUTLINE Physical Development
The Growing Body
Motor Development
Health During Middle Childhood
Psychological Disorders
Children with Special Needs
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Intellectual Development
Piagetian Approaches to Cognitive Development
Information Processing in Middle Childhood
Vygotsky’s Approach to Cognitive Development and Classroom Instruction
Language Development: What Words Mean
Bilingualism: Speaking in Many Tongues Schooling: The Three Rs (and More) of Middle Childhood
Schooling Around the World and Across Genders: Who Gets Educated?
What Makes Children Ready for School?
Reading: Learning to Decode the Meaning Behind Words
Educational Trends: Beyond the Three Rs
Intelligence: Determining Individual Strengths
Intelligence Benchmarks: Differentiating the Intelligent from the Unintelligent
Below and Above Intelligence Norms: Mental Retardation and the Intellectually Gifted LEARNING OBJECTIVES After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions. 1. In what ways do children grow during the school years, and what factors influence their growth? 2. What are the main health concerns of school-age children? 3. What sorts of special needs may become apparent in children at this age, and how can they be met? 4. In what ways do children develop cognitively during these years, according to major theoretical approaches? 5. How does language develop during the middle childhood period? 6. What are some trends in schooling today? 7. How can intelligence be measured, and how are children with exceptionalities educated?131 PRACTICE TEST – PRETEST Circle the correct answer for each of the following multiple choice questions and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. 1. A child is given Protropin. This child is probably receiving medical treatment to a. increase height. c. hasten pubertal changes. b. decrease weight. d. reduce hyperactivity. 2. Obesity is defined as body weight that is more than ________ above the average for a person of a given age and height. a. 5% c. 20% b. 10% d. 30% 3. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, when should we separate the sexes in physical exercise and sports? a. at infancy c. in early childhood b. at puberty d. in middle childhood 4. If someone’s visual acuity is less than 20/200 after correction, the diagnosis would be a. myopia. c. blindness. b. dyslexia. d. partial sightedness. 5. A child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder will have difficulty with all of the following EXCEPT a. physical activity. b. self-control. c. staying on task. d. distraction. 6. A child in the concrete operational stage is less egocentric and can take in several aspects of a situation. This ability is known as a. seriating. c. decentering. b. conserving. d. reversibility. 7. From Piaget’s perspective, the preschooler thinks a. operationally. c. concretely. b. preoperationally. d. formally. 8. Who proposed the zone of proximal development? a. Piaget c. Gardner b. Binet d. Vygotsky 9. Which of the following is used in teaching bilingual children? a. immersion c. conservation b. reciprocal teaching d. cooperative learning 10. The Wechsler scales consists of a. verbal skills only. c. nonverbal skills only. b. a total IQ score only. d. both verbal and nonverbal skills. 11. Robert Sternberg’s definition of intelligence involves several aspects of mental functioning. Which of the following is NOT included? a. nonverbal intelligence c. experiential intelligence b. contextual intelligence d. componential intelligence132 12. A friend of yours is excellent at problem solving and applying information she has learned over the years in novel ways. According to Sternberg’s theory, she would be high in a. practical intelligence. c. experiential intelligence. b. contextual intelligence. d. componential intelligence. 13. Your child tested at the gifted level and was allowed to skip from sixth grade to eighth grade. This approach to helping the gifted student is called a. acceleration. c. mainstreaming. b. enrichment. d. least restrictive environment. 14. If someone has an IQ of 35 with problems in muscle control and speech, and requires assistance for everyday tasks, that person would be classified as a. mildly retarded. c. profoundly retarded. b. severely retarded. d. moderately retarded. 15. Research in the United States has shown that from age 6 to 18 years, boys decrease their physical activity by _____ % and girls by _____ %. a. 24; 36 c. 36; 24 b. 40; 20 d. 20; 40 16. Bernadette is a child with bipolar disorder; which antidepressant will she most likely be treated with? a. Ritalin c. Wellbutrin b. Adderral d. Aspirin 17. A reading disability resulting in the misperception of letters during reading and writing, confusion between left and right, and difficulties in spelling is a. dyslexia. c. Prozac. b. ADHD. d. asthma. 18. Which of the following is NOT a memory process? a. encoding c. retrieval b. storage d. control 19. An understanding of one’s own use of language is a. metamemory. c. metalinguistic awareness. b. proximal development. d. bilingualism. 20. The model that states that the diverse, coequal cultural groups of American society should preserve their individual cultural features is the a. cultural assimilation model. c. bicultural identity model. b. pluralistic society model. d. componential model. KEY NAMES Match the following names with the most accurate description and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. 1. ___ Alfred Binet a. concrete operational stage 2. ___ Howard Gardner b. mental age 3. ___ Jean Piaget c. eight intelligences 4. ___ Robert Sternberg d. triarchic theory of intelligence133 5. ___ Lev Vygotsky e. zone of proximal development - - - - - - - - - - - PRACTICE TEST – POST TEST Circle the correct answer for each of the following multiple choice questions and check your answers with the Answer Key at the end of this chapter. 1. Robby has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. He is part of what percent of school-age children with the same diagnosis? a. 1% c. 3-5% b. 2-4% d. 5-10%143 2. Children with chronic wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath may have a. asthma. c. emotional problems. b. the flu. d. attention-deficit disorder. 3. There is a significant increase of myelin in the brain between the ages of a. 1 and 2. c. 5 and 6. b. 2 and 4. d. 6 and 8. 4. Keith has a substantial disruption in the rhythm and the fluency of his speech. He most likely suffers from a. stuttering. c. ADHD. b. learning disability. d. visual impairment. 5. According to Piaget, children in elementary school are in the cognitive development stage of a. sensorimotor. c. concrete operational thought. b. preoperational thought. d. formal operational thought. 6. All of the following have contributed to obesity in children EXCEPT a. school lunch programs b. social factors c. lack of or a reduction in exercise in school d. genetics e. advertising 7. You are preparing for an exam in your lifespan development class and you begin to make flash cards and other review tools which you have found useful for memorizing material. In doing this you show an understanding of memory called a. sequencing. c. semantic elaboration. b. metamemory. d. metalinguistic awareness. 8. You are visiting your sister and her very polite son, when you overhear him playing outside with his friends. You hear him talking to his friends in a way that is very different from the way he speaks to you. This difference is an aspect of language called a. syntax. c. phonology. b. semantics. d. pragmatics. 9. Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? a. phonics c. basic skills b. code-based d. whole-language 10. Alfred Binet developed an intelligence test which comes up with one score. Other researchers have developed theories that propose intelligence is a complex combination of numerous areas. Who proposed that we have at least eight distinct intelligences? a. Alfred Binet c. Robert Sternberg b. Arthur Jensen d. Howard Gardner 11. Over the years Mitch has had to overcome several obstacles and he developed what some people might call “street smarts.” He is practical and uses a great deal of common sense. According to Sternberg’s theory he would be high in a. nonverbal intelligence. c. experiential intelligence. b. contextual intelligence. d. componential intelligence. 12. School-age children may have difficulty decoding sentences if the meaning depends upon a. intonation. c. syntax. b. phonemes. d. grammar144 13. What percent of the school-age population has been tested as mentally retarded? a. 1 to 3% c. 8 to 10% b. 4 to 6% d. 10 to 12% 14. Which of the following statements about growth in childhood is accurate? a. Girls are taller than boys throughout childhood and adolescence. b. Children grow on average 4 to 5 inches a year. c. Girls start their adolescent growth spurt around the age of 10. d. There are few individual differences in height during childhood. 15. Sam is an average 8-year-old. He should be able to a. run 17 feet per second. b. achieve a jump of 3 feet. c. grip objects with 12 pounds of pressure. d. throw a small ball 41 feet. 16. Which of the following is an approach to teaching non-English speakers to speak English? a. bilingual enrichment c. bilingual literacy b. bilingual acceleration d. bilingual education 17. Critics of Piaget claim that a. he failed to accurately describe cognitive development. b. he overestimated children’s capabilities. c. he misjudged the age at which cognitive abilities emerge. d. his approach should be dismissed. 18. The average 6-year-old has a vocabulary from a. 8,000 to 14,000 words. c. 13,000 to 19,000 words. b. 5,000 to 10,000 words. d. 9,000 to 11,000 words. 19. Research has shown that bilingual children a. have lower metalinguistic awareness. b. score lower on tests of intelligence. c. have lower self-esteem. d. show greater cognitive flexibility. 20. A child with a mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 8 has an IQ of a. 8. c. 80. b. 12.5 d. 125. LEARNING OBJECTIVES REVISITED 1. In what ways do children grow during the school years, and what factors influence their growth? • The middle childhood years are characterized by slow and steady growth. Weight is redistributed as baby fat disappears. In part, growth is genetically determined, but societal factors such as affluence, dietary habits, nutrition, and disease also contribute significantly. • During the middle childhood years, great improvements occur in gross motor skills. Cultural expectations appear to underlie most gross motor skill differences between boys and girls. Fine motor skills also develop rapidly.145 2. What are the main health concerns of school-age children? • Adequate nutrition is important because of its contributions to growth, health, social and emotional functioning, and cognitive performance. • Obesity is partially influenced by genetic factors, but is also associated with children’s failure to develop internal controls, overeating, overindulgence in sedentary activities such as television viewing, and lack of physical exercise. • Asthma and childhood depression are fairly prevalent among children of school age. 3. What sorts of special needs may become apparent in children at this age, and how can they be met? • Visual, auditory, and speech impairments, as well as other learning disabilities, can lead to academic and social problems and must be handled with sensitivity and appropriate assistance. • Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder exhibit another form of special need. ADHD is characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, failure to complete tasks, lack of organization, and excessive amounts of uncontrollable activity. Treatment of ADHD by drugs is highly controversial because of unwanted side effects and doubts about long-term consequences. 4. In what ways do children develop cognitively during these years, according to major theoretical approaches? • According to Piaget, school-age children enter the concrete operational period and for the first time become capable of applying logical thought processes to concrete problems. • According to information processing approaches, children’s intellectual development in the school years can be attributed to substantial increases in memory capacity and the sophistication of the “programs” children can handle. • Vygotsky recommends that students focus on active learning through child–adult and child–child interactions that fall within each child’s zone of proximal development. 5. How does language develop during the middle childhood period? • The language development of children in the school years is substantial, with improvements in vocabulary, syntax, and pragmatics. Children learn to control their behavior through linguistic strategies, and they learn more effectively by seeking clarification when they need it. • Bilingualism can be beneficial in the school years. Children who are taught all subjects in the first language, with simultaneous instruction in English, appear to experience few deficits and several linguistic and cognitive advantages. 6. What are some trends in schooling today? • Schooling, which is available to nearly all children in most developed countries, is not as accessible to children, especially girls, in many less developed countries. • The development of reading skill, which is fundamental to schooling, generally occurs in several stages: identifying letters, reading highly familiar words, sounding out letters and blending sounds into words, reading words with fluency but with little comprehension, reading with comprehension and for practical purposes, and reading material that reflects multiple points of view. • Multiculturalism and diversity are significant issues in U.S. schools, where the melting-pot society, in which minority cultures are assimilated to the majority culture, is being replaced by the pluralistic society, in which individual cultures maintain their own identities while participating in the definition of a larger culture.146 7. How can intelligence be measured, and how are children with exceptionalities educated? • Intelligence testing has traditionally focused on factors that differentiate successful academic performers from unsuccessful ones. The intelligence quotient, or IQ, reflects the ratio of a person’s mental age to his or her chronological age. Other conceptualizations of intelligence focus on different types of intelligence or on different aspects of the information processing task. • In today’s schools, exceptional children—including children with intellectual deficits—are to be educated in the least restrictive environment, typically the regular classroom. If done properly, this strategy can benefit all students and permit the exceptional student to focus on strengths rather than weaknesses. • Gifted and talented children can benefit from special educational programs, including acceleration programs and enrichment programs.