Chapter 38—REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. All Answers

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1. What is the thick fluid, rich in proteins and lipids, which is deposited in an animal’s egg during its formation? a. germ layer b. placenta c. yolk d. corpus luteum e. gastrul... a : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.1 How does animal reproduction vary? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 2. What type of reproduction produces genetic clones of a parent? a. sexual reproduction b. asexual reproduction c. hermaphrodites d. external fertilization e. internal fertilization : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.1 How does animal reproduction vary? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 3. The heart, muscles, bones, and blood develop primarily from: a. ectoderm b. mesoderm c. endoderm d. the placenta e. the yolk sac : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: Modified 4. Which is a single-layered, hollow ball of cells? a. cleavage b. fetus c. gastrula d. zygote e. blastula : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 5. Which embryonic tissue is incorrectly associated with its derivative? a. skin from mesoderm b. nervous system from ectoderm c. stomach lining from endoderm d. circulatory system from mesoderm e. skeletal system from mesoderm : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIO.STAR.15.1 - Bloom's: knowledge KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 6. Which developmental event occurs last? a. tissue specialization and growth b. gamete formation c. gastrulation d. cleavage e. fertilization : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIO.STAR.15.1 - Bloom's: knowledge KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified Selecting the Exception 7. Four of the five s listed below are produced by the same germ layer. Select the exception. a. nervous system b. muscle system c. circulatory system d. reproductive system e. urinary system : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember OTHER: Selecting the Exception 8. Four of the five s listed below contribute to the semen. Select the exception. a. vas deferens b. prostate c. seminal vesicle d. bulbourethral gland e. seminiferous tubule : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are the functions of a man's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand OTHER: Selecting the Exception 9. Four of the five s listed below belong to the same category of structures. Select the exception. a. blastocyst b. amnion c. allantois d. yolk sac e. chorion : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember OTHER: Selecting the Exception 10. At the end of gastrulation, what is produced? a. a blastocyst b. germ layers c. solid balls of cells d. a neural tube e. apoptosis : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 11. Which developmental stage occurs first? a. cleavage b. fetus c. gastrula d. zygote e. blastula : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 12. The germ layers are formed in which stage? a. cleavage b. fetus c. gastrula d. zygote e. blastula : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 13. A protein becomes distributed in a gradient along the length of the egg. As development continues, orientation of this gradient determines which part of the embryo will become the front of the animal, and which will be the back. This is an example of ____. a. germ layer formation b. gastrulation c. gradient development d. embryonic induction e. gene expression : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.3 How do animal tissues and organs form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 14. Cells nearest the source of a morphogen are exposed to a high concentration of morphogen and express one set of genes. Cells farther from the source of the morphogen are exposed to a lower morphogen concentration, and express different genes. This is a description of which developmental process? a. embryonic induction b. fertilization c. apoptosis d. cleavage e. gastrulation : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.3 How do animal tissues and organs form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 15. What is a substance that regulates development by affecting cells in a concentration-dependent manner? a. gene b. nucleus c. cytoplasm d. morphogen e. cytokine : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.3 How do animal tissues and organs form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 16. All cells in an embryo have the same genes, but they express different subsets of this genome. Selective gene expression is the basis of: a. cleavage b. cell differentiation c. fertilization d. gamete formation e. organ maturation : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.3 How do animal tissues and organs form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 17. Ectodermal cells that form at the tip of the neural tube move outward to positions throughout the body. The descendants of these cells include the neurons of the peripheral nervous system. This movement of cells is an example of ____. a. differentiation b. cleavage c. embryonic induction d. apoptosis e. cell migration : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.3 How do animal tissues and organs form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 18. Programmed cell death that helps to sculpt body parts during morphogenesis is called: a. necrosis b. cell migration c. apoptosis d. remodeling e. death induction : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.3 How do animal tissues and organs form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 19. During which stage do cells of identical genetic makeup become structurally and functionally different from one another according to the genetically controlled developmental program of the species? a. cleavage b. cell differentiation c. morphogenesis d. metamorphosis e. ovulation : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.3 How do animal tissues and organs form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 20. Before gastrulation, the future destiny of cell lineages is largely established by ____. a. the genotype b. the portion of egg cytoplasm c. surface recognition factors on the plasma membrane d. the number and type of organelles e. the sperm cytoplasm : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.3 How do animal tissues and organs form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 21. At which human developmental stage does sexual maturation occur? a. embryo b. fetus c. newborn d. pubescent e. adult : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.5 What are the stages of human development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 22. During which developmental stage is the human body plan set and organ formation occurs? a. zygote b. blastocyst c. embryo d. fetus e. infant : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.5 What are the stages of human development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 23. If the vas deferens tubes are cut and tied (vasectomy), the semen will not contain: a. fructose b. buffers c. mucus d. sperm e. any secretions : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are functions of a man's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Application NOTES: Modified 24. Which is the last structure that a sperm travels through before it leaves the body? a. ureter b. urethra c. vas deferens d. vas efferens e. epididymis : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are functions of a man's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 25. Cells inside the seminiferous tubules that support sperm during development are the ____ cells. a. follicle b. endometrium c. Leydig d. prostatic e. nurse : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are functions of a man's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 26. What gland secretes fructose, which provides energy for sperm, into the seminal fluid? a. prostate b. seminal vesicles c. bulbourethral d. vas deferens e. epididymus : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are functions of a man's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 27. Sperm are produced in the: a. testes b. vas deferens c. epididymis d. prostate gland e. penis : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are functions of a man's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 28. Sperm are stored in the: a. vas deferens b. epididymis c. prostate d. scrotum e. urethra : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are functions of a man's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 29. Which hormone(s) is(are) exclusively female? a. FSH only b. LH only c. progesterone only d. FSH and progesterone only e. FSH, progesterone, and LH : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are functions of a man's reproductive organs?, Section 38.7 What are functions of a woman's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 30. What structure does blood flow into during sexual excitation of a male? a. testes b. epididymus c. vas deferens d. prostate gland e. penis : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.6 What are the functions of a man's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 31. If an oocyte is traveling through the oviduct, what stage must it be in? a. meiosis I b. meiosis II c. primary oocyte d. follicular phase e. polar body : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.7 What are functions of a woman's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 32. In the first stage of the ovarian cycle, what gamete cell starts to develop? a. polar body b. primary oocyte c. secondary oocyte d. follicle cells e. corpus luteum cells : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.7 What are the functions of a woman's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 33. The cervix is part of the: a. vulva b. ovary c. uterus d. oviduct e. vagina : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.7 What are the functions of a woman's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 34. The corpus luteum form from ____. a. the uterine lining b. primary oocytes c. secondary oocytes d. a ruptured follicle after ovulation e. polar bodies : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.7 What are the functions of a woman's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 35. The primary reproductive organ in the human female responsible for gamete and hormone production is the: a. uterus b. ovary c. vagina d. clitoris e. cervix : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.7 What are the functions of a woman's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 36. The passageway that transports oocytes from the ovary into the uterus is known as the a. vagina b. uterus c. oviduct d. endometrium e. cervix : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.7 What are the functions of a woman's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 37. What is the female organ of intercourse which also serves as the birth canal? a. vagina b. cervix c. uterus d. oviduct e. clitoris : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.7 What are the functions of a woman's reproductive organs? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 38. Using your knowledge of the feedback loops of human female hormones, which of the following would you predict is the result of high levels of estrogen and progesterone in the blood? a. lack of growth of the corpus luteum b. absence of monthly ovulation c. increased secretion of FSH d. increased levels of LH e. increased menstrual flow : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.8 How do hormone's affect the female reproductive cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply NOTES: New 39. The corpus luteum is responsible for producing which hormone? a. GnRH b. FSH c. LH d. progesterone e. testosterone : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.8 How do hormones affect the female reproductive cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 40. Prostaglandin-triggered contractions of smooth muscle in the uterine wall can cause ____. a. menstrual cramps b. orgasm c. ovulation d. menopause e. hormone production : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.8 How do hormones affect the female reproductive cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 41. Menstrual flow results in the discharge of: a. the follicle b. the corpus luteum c. the uterine lining d. surface cells from the vagina e. blood from the blood vessels on the outer surface of the uterus : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.8 How do hormones affect the female reproductive cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 42. FSH and LH are secreted by the: a. hypothalamus b. ovaries c. anterior pituitary d. testes e. uterus : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.8 How do hormones affect the female reproductive cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 43. Menstrual flow begins in response to: a. rising levels of FSH and LH b. falling levels of estrogen only c. falling levels of progesterone only d. falling levels of estrogen and progesterone e. rising levels of LH and falling levels of FSH : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.8 How do hormones affect the female reproductive cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 44. Ovulation is triggered primarily by: a. a surge of LH b. the falling levels of estrogen c. the rising levels of progesterone d. the corpus luteum formation e. the completion of meiosis II : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.8 How do hormones affect the female reproductive cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 45. What is the role of the cap on a sperm’s head? a. It provides directional guidance for sperm in female reproductive tract. b. It provides motility for sperm. c. It provides energy for sperm. d. It provides enzymes to digest outer jelly coat layer of oocyte. e. It provides enzymes to digest sperm body to release nucleus. : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.9 How does human fertilization occur? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 46. If sperm did not have a functional midpiece, how would they be affected? a. They would not complete meiosis I. b. They would not complete meiosis II. c. They would die in the epididymus. d. They would not have a source of energy (ATP). e. They would not be able to digest the outer jelly coat layer of the oocyte. : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.9 How does human fertilization occur? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 47. What change does binding of the sperm membrane to the oocyte membrane elicit? a. The oocyte dispels its nucleus. b. The oocyte begins cleavage. c. The oocyte completes meiosis II. d. The sperm returns back to the oviduct. e. The sperm releases a polar body. : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.9 How does human fertilization occur? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 48. Fertilization occurs in the ____. a. ovary b. uterus c. vagina d. oviduct e. follicle : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.9 How does human fertilization occur? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 49. Which is the least successful method of birth control? a. withdrawal method b. a condom c. a diaphragm d. tubal ligation e. oral contraceptives : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.10 How do people avoid pregnancy? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 50. An oral contraceptive pill contains ____. a. estrogen only b. progesterone only c. FSH d. LH e. estrogen and progesterone : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.10 How do people avoid pregnancy? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 51. What is the most effective contraceptive approach of those listed? a. withdrawal b. abstinence c. condom d. intrauterine device e. rhythm method : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.10 How do people avoid pregnancy? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 52. The type of contraception that works because ovulation is prevented is: a. rhythm method b. tubal ligation c. oral contraceptive pills d. the diaphragm e. the condom : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.10 How do people avoid pregnancy? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 53. Which STDs can be successfully cured with antibiotics? a. AIDS b. gonorrhea only c. human papillomavirus d. genital warts e. chlamydia and gonorrhea : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.11 What are sexually transmitted diseases? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: Modified 54. Cervical cancer can be caused by: a. Chlamydia spp b. human papillomavirus c. herpes simplex virus d. Neisseria gonorrhoeae e. Trichomonas vaginalis : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.11 What are sexually transmitted diseases? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 55. The blood vessels of the umbilical cord are formed by which extraembryonic membrane? a. yolk sac b. chorion c. allantois d. amnion e. placenta : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 56. The extraembryonic membrane that forms the majority of the placenta is the: a. amnion b. allantois c. chorion d. yolk sac e. umbilical cord : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 57. The presence of which hormone in a mother's urine indicates that she is pregnant? a. luteinizing hormone b. follicle-stimulating hormone c. human chorionic gonadotropin d. progesterone e. high estrogen : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? LEARNING OBJECTIVES: BIO.STAR.15.1 - Bloom's: knowledge KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 58. The primitive streak is associated with what process? a. somite formation b. brain formation c. cleavage d. gastrulation e. placentation : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 59. Which organ system is the first of those listed to begin development in the human embryo? a. nervous system b. excretory system c. reproductive system d. skeletal system e. endocrine system : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 60. During a human pregnancy, implantation begins at which stage? a. zygote b. early cleavage c. blastocyst d. fetus e. morula : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 61. The first several cleavages after fertilization occur in the: a. uterus cavity b. ovary c. vagina d. oviduct e. uterine wall : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 62. An embryo is protected from most mechanical impacts because of the ____. a. amniotic cavity b. allantois c. placenta d. yolk sac e. chorion : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.12 How does a human embryo form? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 63. At what month of gestation can the fetus detect sound and light? a. first b. third c. fourth d. seventh e. ninth : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.13 When do human organs form and begin to function? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 64. The embryo is recognizable as human and is called a fetus by which week of pregnancy? a. eighth b. twelfth c. sixteenth d. twentieth e. twenty-fourth : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.13 When do human organs form and begin to function? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 65. Which vitamin is especially important in preventing neural tube defects in the embryo? a. folate b. niacin c. vitamin C d. vitamin D e. vitamin E : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.14 What is the role of the human placenta? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 66. What pathogen can cause severe birth defects if it crosses the placenta during the first eight weeks of pregnancy? a. herpes virus b. HIV c. rubella d. alcohol e. folate : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.14 What is the role of the human placenta? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 67. What stimulates muscle contractions during labor? a. HCG b. estrogen c. signals from vagina d. oxytocin e. gonadotropins : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 38.15 How is a child born and nourished? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 68. What hormone stimulates milk production in women after birth? a. prolactin b. oxytocin c. estrogen d. HCG e. progesterone 69. After a baby is delivered, what else is expelled from the female’s uterus? a. placenta b. uterine lining c. primary oocytes d. oxytocin e. corpus luteum 70. What hormone is most involved in labor? a. estrogen b. prolactin c. oxytocin d. prostaglandin e. progesterone 71. 1. Sperm are stored to allow for maturation in the structure at letter ____. 2. The organ at letter ____ is the male counterpart to the female ovary. 3. The organ at letter ____ can become troublesome and cancerous in older men, causing restricted urine flow. 4. Sperm are produced in the structure at letter ____. 5. The organ at letter ____ produces some of the seminal fluid. 6. During a vasectomy, the structure at letter ____ is cut. 7. The structure at letter ____ produces testosterone. 8. The structure at letter ____ delivers sperm to the female vagina. 72. 1. Normally, implantation and development occur in the structure at letter ____. 2. The organ that produces eggs and hormones is at letter ____. 3. What letter indicates female tissue that is homologous to tissue at the head of the male penis? 4. Fertilization usually takes place in the structure at letter ____. 5. Outer skin folds are represented by letter ____. 73. Although sexual reproduction has a higher metabolic cost than asexual reproduction, many organisms use it. Why is it adaptive? 74. A sea turtle lays its fertilized eggs in the sand to grow until baby turtles hatch. Does the sea turtle exhibit internal or external fertilization? 75. After fertilization, the zygote grows through a series of cell divisions called cleavage. The embryo does not grow in size although the cell number is increasing. How does this happen? 76. What do the different parts of the male reproductive tract provide to semen? 77. What is an estrous cycle? 78. Describe how a penis becomes erect during sexual intercourse. 79. What are some common effects of bacteria STDs? 80. Place the following structures in order in which they occur developmentally. a. somites b. neural folds c. primitive streak d. pharyngeal arches 81. Describe the structure of the placenta. What parts are maternal and what parts are fetal? 82. How does exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes occur during pregnancy if maternal and fetal blood never mix? 83. The general model for animal development states: _______________ and ______________ particular genes are expressed determines how an animal body develops. 84. Animal body plans can evolve, because changes in genes that regulate development will alter body form. However, some factors limit the changes that can occur. Describe these factors. 85. Why isn't the endometrium shed during a pregnancy? 86. Describe the positive feedback loop that is in play during human labor. Match the type of asexual reproduction with the best description. a. transverse fission b. budding c. fragmentation d. parthenogenesis REFERENCES: Section 38.1 How does animal reproduction vary? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 87. A piece of the parent breaks off and develops into a new animal. : c POINTS: 1 88. A new individual grows on the body of its parent. : b POINTS: 1 89. An individual’s body divides in two, each piece grows the missing body parts. : a POINTS: 1 90. Offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. : d POINTS: 1 Match the reproductive term with the best fitting example. a. asexual reproduction b. sexual reproduction c. external fertilization d. internal fertilization e. sequential hermaphrodite f. simultaneous hermaphrodite REFERENCES: Section 38.1 How does animal reproduction vary? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply NOTES: New 91. A male and female elephant mate with egg and sperm, producing a baby elephant. : b POINTS: 1 92. A tapeworm produces eggs and sperm at the same time and can fertilize itself. : f POINTS: 1 93. A piece of coral breaks off of the parent and develops into a new animal. : a POINTS: 1 94. A female elk’s egg is fertilized within her reproductive tract. : d POINTS: 1 95. A fish releases its eggs into the water, where they are then fertilized by sperm. : c POINTS: 1 96. A fish switches from one sex to another during the course of a lifetime. : e POINTS: 1 the question(s) in reference to the five stages of development listed below. a. zygote b. blastula c. fetus d. gastrula REFERENCES: Section 38.2 What are the stages of animal development? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember OTHER: Classification Questions 97. This stage appears as a multicellular, hollow ball. : b POINTS: 1 98. This is the fertilized egg. : a POINTS: 1 99. This stage occurs after the eighth week in humans. : c POINTS: 1 100. The major germ layers are formed during this stage. : d POINTS: 1 [Show More]

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