Chapter 42—ECOSYSTEMS. All Answers

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1. Four of the five items listed below are typically not easily digested and thus are not part of the quantifiable energy passed from one trophic level to the next. Select the exception. a. hair ... b. feathers c. cellulose d. muscle e. bone : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember OTHER: Selecting the Exception NOTES: Modified Figure 42.1 2. What does “C” represent in the accompanying figure? a. heat energy b. chemical bonds c. producers d. consumers e. primary production : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 3. What does “A” represent in the accompanying figure? a. light energy b. heat energy c. chemical bond energy d. photosynthesis e. decomposers : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 4. In the accompanying figure, what harnesses light energy to build sugars from inorganic carbon? a. A, producers b. A, heterotrophs c. A, consumers d. B, producers e. B, consumers : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 5. Producers are at which trophic level? a. first b. second c. third d. fourth or higher e. The level varies with different ecosystems. : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 6. Primary consumers eat: a. detritivores b. decomposers c. producers d. other consumers e. any organism that is at a different trophic level : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 7. An ecosystem is a community of ____ producers and ____ consumers that interact with one another and with their nonliving environment. a. energy-consuming; energy-producing b. primary; secondary c. autotrophic; heterotrophic d. heterotrophic; autotrophic e. nutrient cycling; heat producing : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 8. Some energy gets stored in molecules that most consumers cannot break down. For example, most carnivores cannot access energy tied up in bones, scales, hair, feathers, or fur. What effect does this have? a. More energy is lost through heat by the energy needed for digestion. b. Energy transfer between trophic levels is efficient. c. It increases the need for many trophic levels. d. Only a small percent of the energy in an organism ends up in tissues of an organism at the next trophic level. e. Second-level consumers do not require as much energy. : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 9. A network of interactions that involves the cycling of materials and the flow of energy between a community and its physical environment is a(n) ____. a. population b. community c. ecosystem d. biosphere e. species : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 10. Wastes will accumulate and most nutrients would stop cycling if the ____ in the ecosystem dies. a. algae b. bacteria and fungi c. parasitic consumers d. insects e. vertebrates : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: Modified 11. Primary production is the: a. rate of photosynthesis b. rate of energy flow c. amount of energy stored in the ecosystem d. amount of energy utilized e. rate at which producers capture and store energy : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 12. Most of the energy within an ecosystem is lost: a. when organisms disperse b. when organisms die c. as a result of metabolism d. by organisms at the top of the food web e. by decomposers : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 13. Detritus specifically includes: a. exclusively organic wastes b. exclusively toxic materials c. small bits of decaying organic matter d. living bacteria and fungi e. toxic wastes and small bits of decaying organic matter : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 14. Energy flow in an ecosystem is: a. cyclical b. one-way c. two-way d. reversible under different conditions e. exponential : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified Selecting the Exception 15. Four of the five s listed below are heterotrophic. Select the exception. a. consumers b. carnivores c. herbivores d. parasites e. producers : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember OTHER: Selecting the Exception 16. Four of the five s are correct statements about materials in biogeochemical cycles. Select the exception. a. They pass from environmental reservoirs to living organisms. b. They move slower than elements in living systems move. c. They eventually move from living organisms back into environmental reservoirs. d. They may include rocks and sediments, waters, and atmosphere reservoirs. e. They are unidirectional, moving from the environment to living organisms. : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.4 Biogeochemical cycles KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 17. Four of the five s listed below pass through the atmosphere during their cycling. Select the exception. a. carbon b. oxygen c. nitrogen d. phosphorus e. water : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.8 How does phosphorus move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember OTHER: Selecting the Exception 18. Carnivores must be at or above which trophic level? a. first b. second c. third d. fourth e. fifth : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.2 How do food chains interact? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 19. Ecological efficiency, the percentage of energy at one trophic level that ends up in tissue in the next level, is about: a. 1 to 5 percent b. 1 to 20 percent c. 5 to 30 percent d. 10 to 40 percent e. 50 to 60 percent : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.2 How do food chains interconnect? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 20. When describing food webs, the term “everything is connected to everything” is fitting. Why? a. Decomposers break down organic material from all organisms. b. Animals in an ecosystem share resources. c. Producers are always at the first trophic level. d. Each species in a food web is typically two links away from all other species. e. Extinction of any species in a food web has a very low potential impact on other species. : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.2 How do food chains interconnect? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 21. Which organisms would be part of a grazing food chain but not a detrital food chain? a. herbivores b. detritivores c. bacteria d. worms e. producers : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.2 How do food chains interconnect? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 22. The amount of energy that flows through a detrital food web is _________that which flows through a grazing web. a. the same as b. greater than c. less than d. the sum of e. the difference of : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.2 How do food chains interconnect? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 23. In a typical food web, 95% of all species are within _____ link(s) of one another. a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.2 How do food chains interconnect? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 24. In ecosystems, primary consumers are: a. herbivores b. carnivores c. scavengers d. decomposers e. detritivores : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.2 How do food chains interconnect? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 25. The bottom or base of a pyramid of energy consists of: a. primary producers b. secondary producers c. primary consumers d. secondary consumers e. tertiary consumers : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.3 What are ecological pyramids? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 26. An energy pyramid shows the ____. a. amount of organic material in the bodies of organisms at each trophic level b. amount of energy that flows through each trophic level c. biomass amount at each trophic level d. amount of energy in an ecosystem, quantified by the base of the pyramid only e. trophic levels that exist in a specific ecosystem : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.3 What are ecological pyramids? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 27. What cycle includes movement of a nutrient from rocks and sediments, waters, and/or atmosphere into and out of food webs? a. sedimentary b. nitrogen c. water d. biogeochemical e. carbon : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.4 Biogeochemical cycles KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 28. Movement of water results in movement of other nutrients. What element or elements have soluble forms that flowing water can carry from place to place? a. carbon only b. nitrogen only c. phosphorus only d. carbon and nitrogen only e. carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.5 What is the water cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 29. Most fresh water exists as: a. ice b. soil water c. aquifer water d. surface water (lakes, rivers) e. atmosphere : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.5 What is the water cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 30. Overdrawing water from an aquifer can lower the ____. a. evaporation levels b. precipitation levels c. water table d. quality of drinking water e. salt content : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.5 What is the water cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 31. Groundwater is water: a. that runs over the ground and drains into a specific waterway b. in the ocean c. in lakes and rivers d. stored in ground containers such as man-made reservoirs e. in soil and aquifers : e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.5 What is the water cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 32. Most of the water vapor in Earth's atmosphere comes from evaporation from: a. lakes b. rivers c. land d. oceans e. plants : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.5 What is the water cycle? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 33. Producers fix carbon from ____ through the process of ____. a. carbon dioxide; metabolism b. carbon dioxide; cellular respiration c. carbon dioxide; photosynthesis d. oxygen; photosynthesis e. oxygen; cellular respiration : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.6 How does carbon move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 34. The single greatest reservoir(s) of carbon exist(s) in ____. a. the atmosphere b. land food webs c. the ocean d. rocks and sediments e. marine organisms : d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.6 How does carbon move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 35. Which gas is increasing in the atmosphere and threatening the world with the greenhouse effect? a. carbon dioxide b. carbon monoxide c. ozone d. fluorocarbon e. oxygen : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.6 How does carbon move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 36. What is the main source of increasing greenhouse gases? a. increased cell respiration b. increased use of fossil fuels c. increased diffusion from the oceans d. increased volcanic activity e. increased animal life on Earth : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.6 How does carbon move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 37. On an annual basis, the greatest flow of carbon between nonbiological reservoirs takes place between: a. the atmosphere and Earth’s rocks b. the ocean and Earth’s rocks c. the ocean and the atmosphere d. plants and Earth’s rocks e. aquatic organisms and the atmosphere : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.6 How does carbon move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 38. Many marine organisms incorporate carbon into their shells. After they die, these shells become part of the ____. a. atmosphere b. sediment c. ocean d. ocean food web e. land food web : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.6 How does carbon move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 39. What is the process involved with nitrifying bacteria? a. nitrite → nitrate b. nitrate → nitrite → nitrogen gas c. nitrate → ammonia d. urea → ammonia e. nitrogen gas → ammonia : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.7 How does nitrogen move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 40. The effect of nitrification is to: a. convert ammonia into nitrates b. reduce nitrates to nitrites c. convert nitrogenous compounds into free nitrogen d. mimic nitrogen fixation e. convert nitrates to organic nitrogen : a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.7 How does nitrogen move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 41. Which cycle relies heavily upon bacteria? a. water b. carbon c. nitrogen d. phosphorus e. sedimentary : c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.7 How does nitrogen move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 42. The greatest concentration of nitrogen on the planet Earth is found in: a. living organisms, including bacteria b. the atmosphere c. soil minerals d. fossil fuels e. oceans : b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.7 How does nitrogen move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 43. Nitrogen is released into the atmosphere by: a. nitrogen fixation b. denitrification c. nitrification d. ammonification e. decomposition 44. Plant cells assimilate nitrogen in the form of: a. ammonia and N2 b. N2 and nitrite c. nitrate and ammonia d. urea and nitrate e. N2 and urea 45. How does phosphorus enter the biological portion of the cycle? a. Land plants take up dissolved phosphate from the soil water. b. Bacteria fix phosphate from the atmosphere. c. Consumers eat phosphate containing soil. d. Bacteria fix phosphate from water. e. Erosion of rocks moves phosphate into water, which consumers drink. 46. What is the major reservoir of phosphorus? a. atmosphere b. sedimentary rock c. ocean d. land food webs e. groundwater 47. The ____ cycle is a sedimentary cycle. a. carbon b. water c. nitrogen d. phosphorus e. atmospheric 48. Animals obtain minerals such as phosphorus primarily through: a. drinking water b. inhalation c. eating meats only d. eating plants only e. eating both meats and plants 49. By the process of ____, an organism’s tissues store a pollutant taken up from the environment, causing the amount in the body to increase over time. a. pollutant fixation b. biological magnification c. chemical buildup d. pollutant concentration e. bioaccumulation 50. Biological magnification can be defined as the: a. concentration of a chemical in organisms increasing as the pollutant moves up a food chain b. energy transfer increasing as it moves up a food chain c. fixation of nutrients from the atmosphere d. entrance into the biological portion of a biogeochemical cycle e. increase in food web members in biologically diverse ecosystems 51. Figure 42.1 Refer to the accompanying diagram to the following questions: 1. What is the difference between energy and nutrient flow? 2. How is energy lost in “A”? 3. How is energy stored in “D” (fill in the blank)? 4. What is “B”? 5. What is “C”? 52. Refer to the accompanying diagram to the following questions: Since the evaporation of water is driven by temperature, what can be expected to happen at point A on the diagram in a world where the average annual temperature is increasing? 53. Suppose the amount of water that has evaporated from the ocean has increased per unit of time. What can be expected to happen at points B and E in the accompanying diagram? 54. Which point in the accompanying diagram represents the area with the highest volume of water evaporation? 55. Describe the various paths taken by rain that falls on the land. Figure 42.8 The carbon cycle 56. Label the following points (A to E) on the accompanying diagram. 57. Explain why only 5 to 30% of the energy contained in a particular trophic level may be passed to the next trophic level. 58. Energy captured by producers usually passes through no more than four or five trophic levels. Even in ecosystems with many species, the number of participants in each food chain is limited. The inefficiency of energy transfers constrains the length of food chains. What factors limit the efficiency of energy transfers? 59. Carnivores must be at or above which trophic level? Explain why. 60. Why is a biomass and/or energy pyramid always broadest at the bottom? 61. Provide a possible explanation for the mechanism that occurs when coastal area freshwater aquifers are overdrawn, resulting in intrusion of salt water into the aquifer. 62. How do fossil fuels form? 63. Is the greenhouse effect “bad?” Explaining your reasoning. 64. What is nitrogen fixation? 65. How do organisms make use of nitrogen? : All organisms use nitrogen to build ATP, nucleic acids, and proteins. Photosynthetic organisms also use it to build chlorophyll. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 42.7 How does nitrogen move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New 66. The main nitrogen reservoir is the atmosphere, which is about 80 percent nitrogen gas. Despite the universal need for nitrogen and the abundance of atmospheric nitrogen, no eukaryote can make use of nitrogen gas. Why? How do eukaryotes obtain nitrogen? Choose the one most appropriate for each. a. makes up most of the biomass in a pyramid b. are cycled in an ecosystem c. interconnected food chains d. the rate at which producers capture and store energy e. flows one way in an ecosystem f. illustrated by herbivores eating producers g. particles of organic waste products, dead, or partly decomposed tissues REFERENCES: Section 42.1 - 42.3 KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified 67. energy : e POINTS: 1 68. detritus : g POINTS: 1 69. grazing food chains : f POINTS: 1 70. primary production : d POINTS: 1 71. primary producer : a POINTS: 1 72. webs : c POINTS: 1 73. nutrients : b POINTS: 1 the question(s) in reference to the five trophic categories of an ecosystem listed below. a. producer b. herbivore c. carnivore d. decomposer e. detritivore REFERENCES: Section 42.1 How do energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply OTHER: Classification Questions 74. This is a primary consumer. : b POINTS: 1 75. An earthworm functions as this. : e POINTS: 1 76. Most mushrooms function as this. : d POINTS: 1 77. A bear feeding on a salmon is functioning as this. : c POINTS: 1 78. A bear feeding on blueberries is functioning as this. : b POINTS: 1 Match the following terms with the correct definition. a. nitrogen fixation b. nitrification c. denitrification d. nitrogen cycle REFERENCES: Section 42.7 How does nitrogen move through ecosystems? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New 79. Conversion of nitrates or nitrites to nitrogen gas : c POINTS: 1 80. Movement of nitrogen among the atmosphere, soil, and water, and into and out of food webs : d POINTS: 1 81. Conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia : a POINTS: 1 82. Conversion of ammonium to nitrate : b POINTS: 1 [Show More]

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