Chapter 16—Sampling Designs and Sampling Procedures. All Answers

TRUE/FALSE 1. A census is any complete group whose members share some common set of characteristics. F This is a population (universe). A census is an investigation of all the individual elements that make up t ...

TRUE/FALSE 1. A census is any complete group whose members share some common set of characteristics. F This is a population (universe). A census is an investigation of all the individual elements that make up the population. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 385 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 2. A poll is an investigation of all the individual elements that make up the population. F This is a census. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 385 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 3. A sample is a subset, or some part, of a larger population. T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 385 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 4. A bigger sample is needed if the elements of the population are quite diverse compared to if the elements of the population are quite similar. T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 386 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 5. The first stage in the selection of a sample is to determine the sampling frame. F The first stage is to define the target population. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 387 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 6. A list of all of the members of the San Diego chapter of Notre Dame alumni is an example of a sampling frame. T PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 388 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 7. The sampling frame is also called the working population. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 388 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 8. List brokers rent lists of names, addresses, phone numbers, and e-mail addresses of specific populations. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 388 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 9. A reverse directory provides, in a different format, the same information contained in a telephone directory. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 389 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 10. The availability of sampling frames is fairly consistent around the world. F The availability of sampling frames varies dramatically around the world. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 390 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 11. A primary sampling unit (PSU) is a unit selected in the first stage of sampling. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 390 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 12. As sample size decreases, random sampling error decreases. F Random sampling error decreases as sample size increases. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 391 OBJ: LO: 16-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 13. Systematic errors are due to chance fluctuations. F Systematic (nonsampling) errors result form nonsampling factors, primarily the nature of a study’s design and the correction of execution. These errors are systematic in some way and not due to chance fluctuations. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 391 OBJ: LO: 16-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 14. A convenience sample is a type of probability sampling method. F This is a method of nonprobability sampling. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 392 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 15. Judgment sampling ensures that various subgroups of a population will be represented on pertinent characteristics. F This describes quota sampling. Judgment sampling is a nonprobability sampling technique in which an experienced individual selects the sample based on his or her judgment about some appropriate characteristics required of the sample member. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 394 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 16. Snowball sampling involves using probability methods for an initial selection of respondents and then obtaining additional respondents through information provided by the initial respondents. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 395 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 17. Randomness characterizes a procedure whose outcome cannot be predicted because it depends on chance. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 395 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 18. A sampling procedure ensuring that each element in the population will have an equal chance of being included in the sample is called simple random sampling. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 396 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 19. Systematic sampling is a type of true random selection procedure. F While systematic sampling is not actually a random selection procedure, it does yield random results if the arrangement of the items is not some sequence corresponding to the interval in some way. PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 396 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 20. In stratified sampling a subsample is drawn using judgment sampling within each stratum. F Subsamples are drawn using simple random sampling within each stratum. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 397 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 21. Stratified samples can be proportional or disproportional. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 397 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 22. An area sample is the most popular type of stratified sample. T An area sample is the most popular type of cluster sample. PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 398 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 23. Multistage area sampling is a cluster sampling approach involving multiple steps. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 399 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 24. The degree of accuracy required in sampling may vary form project to project. T PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 402 OBJ: LO: 16-06 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 25. Website Internet surveys use unrestricted samples. T PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 404 OBJ: LO: 16-06 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. An investigation of all the individual elements that make up a population is called a(n)_____. a. enumeration b. census c. sample d. stratum B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 385 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 2. When a company decides to send an Internet survey to all of its 127-member sales force to determine their morale, this is an example of a _____ a. cluster sample b. multistage area sample c. census d. sample C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 385 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 3. Which of the following refers to any complete group whose members share some common set of characteristics? a. sample b. population c. stratum d. cluster B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 385 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 4. A(n) _____ is a subset, or some part, of a larger population. a. slice b. census c. element d. sample D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 385 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 5. All of the following are reasons for using a sample EXCEPT _____. a. complete enumeration b. pragmatic reasons c. accurate and reliable results d. destruction of test units A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 385 OBJ: LO: 16-01 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 6. When a researcher has made the decision to conduct a survey using a sample of the population, the FIRST step in the selection of the sample is to _____. a. define the target population b. determine the sample size c. select the actual sampling units d. select a sampling frame A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 387 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 7. All of the following are stages in the selection of a sample EXCEPT _____. a. analyze data b. select a sampling frame c. determine sample size d. conduct fieldwork A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 388 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 8. A list of elements from which the sample may be drawn is called a _____. a. parameter list b. probability sample c. population parameter d. sampling frame D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 388 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 9. When a researcher wants to study the members of the American Management Association and selects a sample from its membership list, the membership list is an example of a _____. a. reverse directory b. sampling frame c. systematic sampling list d. census B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 388 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 10. A telephone directory that lists the people in the phone book by their street address instead of by their last name is called a _____. a. snowball directory b. inverse directory c. reverse directory d. sampling frame directory C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 389 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 11. Which type of error occurs when certain sample elements are excluded or when the entire population is not accurately represented in the sampling frame? a. Type I error b. sampling frame error c. statistical error d. list error B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 390 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 12. A single element or group of elements that is eligible for selection via the sampling process is called a _____. a. sampling panel b. sampling unit c. sampling error d. sampling quota B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 390 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 13. If Delta Airlines selects randomly a set of 40 flights on a given day, and then selects randomly a group of ten passengers on each of these flights to participate in an in-flight survey, the passengers are _____. a. PSU b. census c. systematic samples d. secondary sampling units D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 390 OBJ: LO: 16-02 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 14. The difference between the sample result and the result of an accurate census is called _____. a. random sampling error b. systematic sampling error c. primary sampling error d. secondary sampling error A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 391 OBJ: LO: 16-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 15. As sample size ______ , random sampling error ______. a. increases; increases b. decreases; decreases c. increases; decreases d. increase; remains unchanged C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 391 OBJ: LO: 16-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 16. Which type of sampling error is primarily due to the nature of a study’s design and the correctness of execution? a. random sampling error b. systematic sampling error c. primary sampling error d. secondary sampling error B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 391 OBJ: LO: 16-03 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 17. In which type of sampling does every element in the population have a known, nonzero probability of selection? a. absolute sampling b. relative sampling c. nonprobability sampling d. probability sampling D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 392 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 18. When a researcher uses students to participate in a study because he has easy access to them, what type of sampling procedure does this represent? a. judgment sample b. systematic sample c. snowball sample d. convenience sample D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 392 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 19. When a local television station sends a crew to interview joggers in the city park on a beautiful spring day, this represents what type of sample? a. cluster sample b. multistage area sample c. systematic sample d. convenience sample D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 392 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 20. Which of the following is a nonprobability sampling technique in which an experienced individual selects the sample based on his or her judgment about some appropriate characteristics required of the sample member? a. area sample b. subjective sample c. stratified sample d. judgment sample D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 393 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 21. When a marketing vice-president tells the marketing department to schedule a test market in Dallas because he feels that this city is "typical" of the composition of the target market for a new product nationally, this is an example of what type of sample? a. judgment sample b. area sample c. cluster sample d. convenience sample A PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 393 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 22. When the head of the research department instructs field interviewers to interview participants at a trade show such that they each interview 10 vendors that are manufacturers and 10 that are service providers, this represents what type of sampling procedure? a. systematic sample b. quota sample c. area sample d. multistage sample B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 394 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 23. All of the following are advantages of quota sampling over probability sampling EXCEPT ____. a. lower cost b. convenience c. speed of data collection d. lower error D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 395 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 24. Which type of sampling procedure selects initial respondents using probability methods and selects subsequent respondents from information provided by those initial respondents? a. snowball sample b. stepwise sample c. judgment sample d. secondary sampling A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 395 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 25. A researcher wants to put together four focus groups of 18-24 year-old males who are "heavy downloaders of music" (defined as downloading 50 songs per month). He finds one person in the target market who qualifies and then asks that person to suggest the names of two other males between the ages of 18-24 who download music so that he can invite them to participate in the focus group. These people, in turn, are each asked to suggest two others similar to themselves to participate in the focus group study. This procedure represents what type of sampling procedure? a. stepwise sample b. judgment sample c. area sample d. snowball sample D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 395 OBJ: LO: 16-04 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 26. A sampling procedure that assures each element in the population of an equal chance of being included in the sample is called _____. a. simple random sampling b. primary random sampling c. primary sampling d. stratified sampling A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 396 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 27. When a researcher puts the name of each person on a sampling frame list on a 3" x 5" card, shuffles the cards thoroughly, and then selects 35 names from the top of the pile of cards for a phone interview study, this is an example of what type of sampling procedure? a. judgment sample b. simple random sample c. stratified sample d. area sample B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 396 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 28. A sampling procedure in which a starting point is selected by a random process and then every nth number on the list is selected is called a(n) _____. a. cluster sampling b. analytic sampling c. systematic sampling d. stratified sampling C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 396 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 29. If a researcher wants to select 50 customers from a sampling frame of 250 customers who have purchased at least $10,000 worth of products from his company within the past six months using a systematic sampling technique, after a random start, the researcher should select every ______ name on the list. a. 20th b. 10th c. 5th d. 50th C PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 397 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Analytic| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 30. In which type of sampling is a subsample drawn using simple random sampling within each stratum of the population? a. cluster sampling b. stratified sampling c. systematic sampling d. convenience sampling B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 397 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 31. Two types of stratified samples are _____. a. primary and secondary b. positive and negative c. proportional and disproportional d. absolute and relative C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 397 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 32. A stratified sample in which the number of sampling units drawn from each stratum is in proportion to the population size of that stratum is called a(n) _____. a. proportional stratified sample b. balanced stratified sample c. even stratified sample d. primary stratified sample A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 397 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 33. A stratified sample in which the sample size for each stratum is allocated according to analytical considerations is called a(n) _____. a. disproportional stratified sample b. unbalanced stratified sample c. secondary stratified sample d. analytical sample A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 397 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 34. Which sampling technique is an economically efficient sampling technique in which the primary sampling unit is not the individual element in the population but a large cluster of elements? a. cluster sampling b. stratified sampling c. grouped sampling d. homogeneous sampling A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 398 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 35. If a researcher for Procter & Gamble selects five states randomly, and then selects 10 supermarket chains within each of these states to call for a phone survey for research regarding a new shampoo, what type of sampling procedure is being used? a. systematic sample b. simple random sample c. nonprobability sample d. cluster sample D PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 398 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 36. If a national political pollster selects ten states randomly, then randomly selects five counties within each state, then randomly selects five voting precincts within these counties, then randomly selects five blocks within these precincts, then randomly selects five households for door-to-door interviews about their voting intentions in the next Presidential election, this is an example of what type of sampling procedure? a. simple random sample b. multistage area sample c. systematic sample d. nonprobability sample B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 399 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application 37. Which sampling method involves using a combination of two or more probability sampling techniques? a. multidimensional sampling b. multistage area sampling c. two-phase sampling d. N-phase sampling B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 399 OBJ: LO: 16-05 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 38. All of the following are common sampling criteria EXCEPT _____. a. degree of accuracy required b. size of the population c. resources available d. time available to conduct the research B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 401 OBJ: LO: 16-06 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Comprehension 39. When a potential respondent ____, he or she gives permission to receive selected e-mail, such as questionnaires, from a company with an Internet presence. a. becomes part of an unrestricted sample b. consents c. opts in d. subscribes C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 405 OBJ: LO: 16-06 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Knowledge 40. Claire has agreed to participate in surveys online. Every few weeks, she is sent an email requesting her to participate in an online survey. What did Claire do to become involved in these research studies? a. opted out b. opted in c. randomized herself d. met a quota B PTS: 1 DIF: Hard REF: p. 405 OBJ: LO: 16-06 NAT: AACSB Reflective Thinking| CB&E Model Research| Blooms Application COMPLETION 1. A small number of people who are a subset of the population of interest are known as a(n) ______ of the population. 2. All of the retail stores nationwide of Sears Roebuck and Co. are the ______ of Sears' stores. 3. When a researcher conducts personal interviews with 100 percent of the employees within his organization, this type of study is a type of ______ study. 4. A(n) _____ is a list of elements from which a sample may be drawn and is also called the working population. 5. When a telephone book database is re-arranged so that it is organized by phone number, instead of by last name, this type of database is a type of ______ directory. 6. An error that occurs when certain sample elements are not listed or are not accurately represented in a sampling frame is called _____ error. 7. A unit that is selected in the first of several stages of sampling is called the ______. 8. The difference between the results of a sample and the results of a census that is conducted with identical procedures is called ______ error. 9. When a research study has been poorly designed, it suffers from ______ error. 10. In _____ sampling, every element in the population has a known, nonzero probability of selection. 11. The sampling procedure of obtaining those people or units that are most conveniently available is called _____ sampling. 12. When subjects are selected for a research study using judgment sampling, this represents a type of ______ sampling procedure. 13. _____ sampling is a nonprobability sampling procedure that ensures that various subgroups of a population will be represented on pertinent characteristics to the exact extent that the investigator desires. 14. When initial subjects are selected randomly and additional subjects are obtained from recommendations of names from the initial subjects, this is a(n) ______ sampling technique. 15. Writing the names of the students in a class on separate sheets of paper, shuffling them thoroughly, and then drawing five names "out of a hat," is a type of ______ sample. 16. The sampling procedure in which a starting point is selected by a random process and then every nth number on the list is selected is called _____ sampling. 17. In _____ sampling, a subsample is drawn using simple random sampling within each stratum. 18. A stratified sample in which the number of sampling units drawn from each stratum is in proportion to the population size of that stratum is called a(n) _____ stratified sample. 19. A combination of two or more probability sampling techniques is called a(n) _____ sample. 20. When an Internet user gives permission to Southwest Airlines to e-mail him special price promotions as they are announced, the user has decided to ______for this type of database communication. ESSAY 1. Explain reasons for taking a sample rather than a complete census. 2. A smartphone manufacturer is conducting research regarding how smartphones are used in business. Apply the stages the researcher should go through in the selection of a sample for this research study. 3. Compare and contrast random sampling error and systematic (nonsampling) error. How does the researcher minimize these errors? 4. Name and describe the types of nonprobability sampling. 5. Name and describe the types of probability sampling. 6. Discuss the criteria researchers consider when deciding on the most appropriate sample design for a specific project.