Criminology Final notes latest with summary (100% Best for your study)

Criminology Final notes Contents Ch.10 Violent crime Ch. 11 Property Crime Ch. 12 White-collar and corporate crime Ch. 13 Public Order Crimes Violent Crimes Ch.10 Violent crime Homicide: killing of one human b ...

Criminology Final notes Contents Ch.10 Violent crime Ch. 11 Property Crime Ch. 12 White-collar and corporate crime Ch. 13 Public Order Crimes Violent Crimes Ch.10 Violent crime Homicide: killing of one human being by another Justifiable homicide: homicides committed by law enforcement, soldiers, or homeowner in course of carrying out duties Criminal homicide: unlawful killings, without justification (three categories) • Murder: intentional killing of another person with malice aforethought o Malice: “evil mind” “abandoned and malignant heart” o First degree murder: premeditated, deliberate, intentional killing o Second degree murder: killing without premeditation o Felony murder: no intention to kill, intention to commit other crime but there is a murder during other crime. (everyone associated) • Manslaughter: unlawful killing of another person without malice. May be voluntary of involuntary o Voluntary: killing committed intentionally but without malice  Ex. Making irrational decision in argument (heat of moment)  Defendant’s awareness of the unlawfulness was dulled by shock, fright, consternation, or intoxication o Involuntary: person has caused death of another unintentionally but recklessly by consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk that endangers another persons life  Ex. Negligent homicide (not fixing fire codes) • The Extent of Homicide: social science study o Homicide rates: have been decreasing • Nature of Homicide o Victim Precipitation (Wolfgang): how a victim's interaction with an offender may contribute to the crime being committed.  (Felson & Messner): more cases of women killing their husbands opposed to husbands killing wives • Males more violent in killing methods  (Silverman & Kennedy): • Gender relationship • Age • Means of commission of the act • Location vary with relational distance ranging from closest to relatives to total strangers  (Zahn & Sagi): distinguished homicide categories • Those within family • Those among friends • Stranger homicides associated with felonies • Stranger homicides not associated with felonies o Stranger Homicides: killer and victim had no previous contact  (Reidel): assumes average rates are understated 14% o Relatives & Acquaintances: killer and victim have intimate relationship  Significant percentage of all homicides: 44% • Most occur after long-term abuse by husband • Children more like to be killed by relative o Young & old perpetrators: low homicide rates o Homicide without apparent motive: 25% of all homicides  No history of alcohol abuse  Recent release from prison  Claims of amnesia for crime  Denial of crime  Exhibit psychotic behavior after crime o Serial Murder: killing several victims over period of time o Mass murder: killing of multiple victims in on event or in very quick succession o Sociopaths (Levin & Fox): persons who lack internal controls, disregard common values, and have an intense desire to dominate others o Gang Murder: differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from nongang homicides.  Differ with respects to ethnicity, age, number of participants, relationships • Cross-National Comparison of the Homicide rates o US rates lowering o More developed countries have less homicides than less developed o Moderate association between inequality of income and rate of homicide Assault: attack on another person that is made with apparent ability to inflict injury and that is intended to frighten or to cause physical harm • Battery: an attack the results in touching or striking the victim • Simple assault: inflicts little or no physical harm, felonious assault • Aggravated assault: inflicts serious harm on the victim or uses a deadly weapon • 6 stages of confrontational situation leading to assault: 1. One person insults another 2. Insulted person notices insult 3. Insulted person response: (fight or flight) 4. Insulter: fight or flight 5. Fight 6. Winner flees or waits for consequence