CHAPTER 04: PROBLEM SOLVING: PROACTIVE POLICING. All Answers

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1. Which of the following is not a basic element in a problem-solving approach? a. Grouping incidents as problems b. Adopting a reactive stance c. Seeking the ultimate goal of effectivenes... s d. Focusing on substantive problems as the heart of policing 2. Problem-solving policing requires police to a. group incidents. b. identify underlying causes c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b 3. A departmental-wide strategy aimed at solving persistent community problems is called a. community-wide policing. b. reactive policing. c. the SARA model. d. problem-oriented policing. 4. The first step in problem-oriented policing is a. studying all possible responses to incidents. b. efficient handling of calls. c. staffing all squad cars with two officers. d. grouping incidents as problems. 5. Which of the following is not one of the four stages of the SARA problem-solving model? a. Scanning b. Analysis c. Reporting d. Assessment 6. According to the text, neighborhood theories and street theories are examples of a. hot-spot theories. b. theories of differential association c. routine activities theory. d. classical school theories. 7. According to the text, some practitioners view community policing and problem-oriented policing as two a. short-term solutions. b. long-term solutions. c. opposing approaches. d. definite approaches to policing. 8. Problem solving is based on the belief that patterns and trends can be discovered that reflect the causes of the problem. The five principles of analysis include all of the following except: a. Individual problems require individual analysis. b. Analysis does not need to be complex. c. Analysis is based on common sense. d. There is one way to do the analysis. 9. The first step in analysis, determining what information is needed, should a. be guided by past perspectives. b. ask whether or not answers can be obtained. c. ask questions that lead to tangible results. d. be skipped if the nature of the problem seems obvious. 10. Crime-specific planning involves all of the following except: a. The offense b. The target c. The community d. The response 11. The mission of the Problem-Oriented Policing Center is to advance the concept and practice of a. the SARA model. b. community-oriented policing. c. problem-oriented policing. d. traditional policing. 12. Eck suggests several nontraditional measures that indicate if a problem has been affected by the intervention and include all of the following except a. reduced instances of repeat victimization. b. reduced citizen fear related to the problem. c. decreased citizen satisfaction. d. increased profits for legitimate businesses in the target area. 13. Recent research on residential burglary in England has shown that a. victims were more likely than nonvictims to be victimized again. b. victims were not more likely than nonvictims to be victimized again. c. prior victimization had no impact on predicting future revictimization. d. interventions targeted at repeat victims resulted in displacement. 14. Which of the following would not be used in an impact evaluation? a. Reduced instances of repeat victimization b. Decreases in related crimes or incidents c. Reduced citizen fear d. The conclusion that the response was implemented as planned 15. A problem-solving approach to policing was developed partially in response to concerns for a. efficiency and effectiveness. b. effectiveness and synergy. c. efficiency and completeness. d. control and function. 16. In the DOC model, the “C” stands for a. community. b. consequences. c. crime. d. conflict. 17. According to the text, community policing focuses on a. efficiency. b. doing things right. c. effectiveness. d. Both a and b 18. The least-effort principle proposes that a. criminals tend to commit crimes near but not too close to their residence. b. criminals tend to target victims who offer the least resistance. c. criminals tend to target areas near major roads that offer escape routes. d. criminals tend to be lazy. 19. According to the text, crime-specific planning is a more precise strategy than a. reactive policing. b. POP c. community policing. d. categorized response. 20. Crime mapping focuses on a. the criminal. b. the location of crimes. c. the victim. d. the police response. 21. Community-oriented policing means changing the daily work of the police to include investigating problems as well as incidents. It means a. targeting past problems. b. focusing on future problems. c. working with the bad guys and not just the good guys. d. working with the good guys and not just against the bad guys. 22. A community includes all of the following except: a. Individuals b. Businesses c. Government d. All of the above are examples of a community. 23. The primary work unit in the professional model of policing is the a. citizen concern. b. criminal issue. c. organizational value. d. incident. 24. Using the SARA model, the final step in problem solving is a. assessment. b. analysis. c. arbitration. d. assistance. 25. In crime-specific planning, the response is the responsibility of the a. criminal justice system. b. community. c. victim d. All of the above 26. Problem-oriented policing places a high value on new processes that a. are not dependent on the criminal justice system. b. are dependent on the criminal justice system. c. focus directly on the community. d. enable law enforcement to assist communities with their specific problems. 27. According to the text, the definition of a problem draws attention to six required elements of a problem. The acronym is a. PEEPER. b. CHEERS. c. SARA. 28. The problem analysis triangle includes all of the following except: a. Likely offenders b. Likely victims c. Suitable targets d. Time and space 29. An act of government agents to induce a person to commit a crime that is not normally considered by the person for the purpose of prosecuting that person is called a. a sting operation. b. the magnet phenomenon. c. entrapment. d. crime mapping. 30. The “S” in SARA represents a. scanning. b. solution. c. symptoms. d. selection. 31. The portion of the SARA model where the alternative solution or solutions are selected is called a. refining. b. redirecting. c. reducing. d. response. 32. Routine activity theory states that crime occurs at the intersection of a. motivation, target, and an absent or ineffective guardian. b. the base of operation, target, and an absent or ineffective guardian. c. motivation, opportunity, and an absent or ineffective guardian. d. motivation, target, and geographic proximity. 33. The text suggests the police department must increase police officers’ freedom to make or participate in important decisions. a. True b. False 34. Efficiency is doing the right things to produce a desired result. a. True b. False 35. Crime-specific planning uses the principles of problem solving to focus on identified crime problems. a. True b. False 36. As defined in the text, qualitative data examines the amount of change as the result of the response. a. True 37. The text states that during problem solving and decision making, it is important to deal with symptoms rather than causes. a. True b. False 38. Technology has become an indispensable tool for law enforcement. a. True b. False 39. Events, as defined by the text, must be discrete, describable incidents. a. True 40. The emphasis in community policing is efficiency. a. True b. False 41. According to the text, minimizing waste, expense, or unnecessary effort is effectiveness. a. True b. False 42. CompStat is viewed by all law enforcement agencies as effective and ethical. a. True b. False 43. Process evaluation determines if the response was implemented as planned. a. True b. False 44. The first step in problem-oriented policing is to move beyond just handling incidents. It calls for recognizing that incidents are often merely overt symptoms of problems. a. True b. False 45. Crime mapping changes the focus from the criminal to the location of the crimes. a. True b. False 46. According to the text, if a police officer is the mediator in a dispute, mediation may only result in a short-term solution. a. True b. False 47. The most prevalent law enforcement response to identified problems is generally increased use of conventional strategies such as enforcement and patrol. a. True b. False 48. In addressing public safety issues such as traffic crashes, hot spot mapping is often used. a. True b. False 49. The magnet phenomenon occurs when a phone number or address is associated with a crime simply because it was a convenient number or address to use. a. True b. False 50. In the DOC model, the “D” stands for discretion. a. True b. False 51. Qualitative data examines excellence of the response. a. True b. False 52. Quantitative data examines the amount of change as a result of the response. a. True b. False 53. When using alternative dispute resolution techniques, the mediator guides the parties involved to resolve the dispute as he or she would want it solved. a. True b. False 54. In some cases, problem solving and crime-specific planning are not better options, and problems should always be solved with mediation. a. True b. False 55. Geographic profiling uses crime-mapping in an attempt to identify an anchor point around which a serial suspect operates. a. True b. False 56. CompStat is based upon the “broken windows model.” a. True b. False 57. The most often skipped step of the SARA model is Scanning because the problem seems so obvious. a. True b. False 58. The originator of the problem-oriented policing concept is _____________. 59. Using the SARA model, the step that involves learning the problem’s causes, scope, and effects is _______________. 60. In the DOC model, DOC stands for ______________, _____________ and _____________. 61. _____________________________ is approaching criminal justice problems by considering the underlying problems that are categorized by the type of offense. 62. ______________ calculates probabilities of a suspect’s residence based on the locations of past crimes. 63. Crime mapping changes the focus from the criminal to the location of crimes—the ______________ where most crimes occur. 64. ______________ is the theory that successful implementation of a crime-reduction initiative does not really prevent crime. 65. When discussing the SARA model, ______________ is acting to alleviate the problem. 66. ______________ is the concept proposing that criminals tend to commit acts of crimes within a comfort zone located near but not too close to their residence. 67. The primary work unit in the professional model is the ______________—an isolated event that requires police response. 68. According to the text, ______________ is sometimes called alternative dispute resolution (ADR). 69. A __________________ is an area where incidents of crime and disorder tend to cluster in close proximity to one another. 70. Discuss the key elements of problem-oriented policing. 71. Mediation, sometimes called alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is shared problem solving by parties in a dispute guided by a neutral person. Describe how police use this in problem solving. 72. Several theories exist about the concentration of crime and disorder and are used to explain different types of crime phenomena that occur at different geographic levels. List and describe the various crime hot spot theories. 73. Describe the four factors of crime-specific planning. 74. Discuss and give examples of how technology has become an indispensable tool for law enforcement. 75. Explain “entrapment” and how it effects the ethical decision making of police officers. 76. Understand the “magnet phenomenon” and how it can adversely affect problem analysis and selection of potential actions by law enforcement. 77. How do problem solving and crime-specific planning differ? 78. Only about ________________ % of sexual assaults are reported to authorities. a. 15–20 b. 10–20 c. 7–10 d. 2–5 79. The Violence Against Women Act is legislation to prevent a. workplace violence. b. child access to firearms. c. stalking and domestic violence. d. the purchase of firearms by felons and other prohibited persons. 80. Characteristics common to workplace violence and school violence include all of the following except: a. Profiles of the perpetrators b. Mediation strategies c. Warnings d. Means and pathways to violence 81. Initiated in 1994, the Boston Gun Project includes gun trafficking interdiction as one component in their broad strategy to stop gun violence. Partners in the project include the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF); the Boston Police Department (BPD); the Suffolk County District Attorney’s Office; and a. the Kennedy school. b. the FBI. c. the U.S. Attorney’s Office. d. the Massachusetts Attorney General. 82. ________________ is the nation’s largest firearm safety program. a. Project ChildSafe b. Project Gun-Lock c. Project Safe Firearm d. Project Gun Safe 83. The acronym used by the Department of Justice’s S*T*O*P Violence against Women Grant Program stands for a. strategies, techniques, organizations, and programs. b. students, teachers, officers, and parents. c. safety, tolerance, objectivity, and patience. d. services, training, officers, and prosecution. 84. What crime has been documented to be linked to domestic violence? a. Murder b. Animal abuse c. Child abuse d. Rape 85. Which of the following is not a risk faced by children in violent homes? a. Being neglected b. Lead poisoning c. Observing traumatic events d. Being abused themselves 86. The Boston City Department of Health and Hospitals initiated Boston’s Prevention Project in 1982 to prevent ________________ violence. a. workplace b. nursing home c. gun d. youth 87. The country’s first adult gun court was established in a. Miami, Florida. b. St. Louis, Missouri. c. Providence, Rhode Island. d. Reno, Nevada. 88. The domestic violence intervention project in Charlotte-Mecklenburg dealt with a/an a. reduction in domestic violence. b. increase in domestic assaults. c. mandatory arrests in domestic assaults. d. None of the above 89. All of the following are suggested response strategies to drive-by shootings identified by the text except: a. Targeting the activity, not the individual b. Reducing weapons availability c. Identifying situations in which violence may occur d. Targeting the individuals 90. As the text indicates, gun violence is considered a a. terrible act in which offenders should receive maximum sentences. b. four-phase continuum. c. three-phase continuum. d. two-phase continuum. 91. A primary goal of Child Access Prevention laws is a. to keep felons from purchasing firearms. b. to keep guns out of the reach of children. c. to make it illegal to store firearms in a residence. d. to encourage parents to take their children to the firing range for target practice. 92. Straw purchasers are purchasers fronting for people linked to a. illegal gun trafficking. b. drug kingpins. c. car theft rings. d. counterfeiting operations. 93. The Child Development–Community Policing initiative advocates the development of collaborative relationships between law enforcement and ________________ to ensure that youths exposed to violence have access to a wide array of services offered in their communities. a. the YMCA b. mental health communities c. local schools d. major corporations 94. The Spouse Assault Replication Program, a study cosponsored by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, analyzed more than 4,000 incidents, from six jurisdictions, in which males had assaulted their female intimate partners. What were the results? a. Arresting batterers infrequently reduced subsequent aggression against female intimate partners although not all comparisons met the statistical significance level. b. Arresting batterers infrequently reduced subsequent aggression against female intimate partners with all comparisons meeting the statistical significance level. c. Arresting batterers was consistently related to reduced subsequent aggression against female intimate partners although not all comparisons met the statistical significance level. d. Arresting batterers was consistently related to reduced subsequent aggression against female intimate partners with all comparisons meeting the statistical significance level. 95. According to the text, the most common motivator of hate crime is ________________ bias. a. racial b. religious c. sexual orientation d. ethnicity/national origin 96. According to the text, hate crimes against the person include a. vandalism. b. murder. c. assault. 97. Hate crimes are a. offenses committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated by an offender’s bias against an individual’s or group’s race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, or sexual orientation. b. not actually crimes because people can’t help their prejudices. c. justifiable under the First Amendment (freedom of expression). d. Both b and c 98. ________________ is a law enforcement–led strategy whereby local police direct intensive patrols to specific geographic areas with high rates of gun-related incidents of violence. a. Gun interdiction b. Concentrated patrol c. Target patrol d. Specific target patrol 99. Targeting the activity, not the individual, is an example of a. specific patrol. b. routine patrol. c. effective responses to gun violence. d. gun interdiction. 100. Graves recommends a ________________ posture against officer-involved domestic abuse, emphasizing the agency’s commitment to maintaining community trust, discipline, and the like. a. don’t ask b. zero-tolerance c. restitution d. All of the above 101. According to the authors, children in violent homes face all the following risks except: a. Observing traumatic events b. Being neglected c. Being abused themselves d. Being safe from abuse 102. Targeting gun traffickers, teaching conflict resolution skills, and implementing gun buyback programs are all examples of a. limited-effectiveness response to gun violence. b. specific responses to gun violence. c. useful strategies for law enforcement. d. proven successes in reducing gun violence. 103. The causes of violence as described in the book include all of the following except: a. Desensitization b. Guns c. Family cohesiveness d. Drugs and alcohol 104. Strategies for general violence prevention include public dialogue and community mediation, corporate support for antiviolence projects, and addressing violence as a public health problem. What key partnership involves schools? a. Corporate support and public dialogue b. Corporate support and public health c. Community mediation and public health d. Public dialogue and community mediation 105. According to the text, this type of violence prevention benefits from partnerships and problem solving efforts. a. Workplace violence b. Gang suppression c. Youth violence d. Street gangs 106. The majority of sexual assaults are committed by a. registered sex offenders. b. individuals known to the victim. c. strangers. d. males between the ages of 25 and 30. 107. In 1990, the Federal Hate Crime Statistics Act was passed, mandating that the Justice Department secure data on crimes related to religion, race, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. Although the laws vary considerably, the most common elements include all of the following except: a. Enhanced penalties for common law crimes against persons based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation b. Criminal penalties for vandalism of religious institutions c. Expanded criminal investigation strategies d. Collection of data on bias crimes 108. The majority of hate crimes are against property, such as vandalism, arson, and burglary. a. True b. False 109. Most general policies on “workplace violence” also specifically address domestic violence and its impact in the workplace. a. True b. False 110. According to the text, the most effective response to sexual assaults employs a collaborative team approach that includes a police officer, victim advocate, and a medical practitioner/nurse, who conducts the sexual assault exam and collects evidence from the victim’s body. a. True b. False 111. The United States has a much lower violent crime rate than many other countries. a. True b. False 112. Local gun courts that deal exclusively with gun law violations reinforce community standards against violence and ensure swift punishment of violators. a. True b. False 113. Thirty percent of women in the United States say they’ve been victims of domestic violence or stalking by a husband, partner, or date at some point in their lives. a. True b. False 114. In 2005, the law Violence Against Women Act law was renewed for another five years. a. True b. False 115. Strategies for general violence prevention include public dialogue, community mediation, and addressing violence as a public health problem. a. True b. False 116. Sexual assault on campuses in not a common violent crime. a. True b. False 117. The National Crime Prevention Council suggests that regulations and ordinances on gun licensing may interrupt sources of illegal guns. a. True b. False 118. Research has found that most executives and managers in the corporate sector have given considerable thought to the impact of partner abuse on the health and safety of their employees. a. True b. False 119. A bias crime is a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias. a. True b. False 120. Child Access Prevention laws help reduce juvenile suicide. a. True b. False 121. Women are more vulnerable to being assaulted or killed during separation than at other times and are particularly vulnerable when they are pregnant. a. True b. False 122. Animal abuse is a predictor of other violence and abusive behavior. a. True b. False 123. First Strike: The Violence Connection campaign was created in 1997 to raise public and professional awareness about the connection between animal cruelty and human violence. a. True b. False 124. “Safe storage” laws are also called CAP laws; CAP stands for ________________. 125. ________________ uses flowcharts to visually depict how information, materials, and activities flow in an organization and how work is handed off from one department to another. 126. A law enforcement response to domestic violence that is controversial is a ________________ policy. 127. A hate crime is also called a ________________ crime. 128. Hate can be classified into two categories: ________________ and ________________. 129. The ________________ emphasizes cross-training of criminal justice and mental health professionals to develop collaborative problem-solving techniques that go beyond the reach of either “system” acting alone. 130. ________________ is a law enforcement–led strategy whereby local police direct intensive patrols to specific geographic areas with high rates of gun-related incidents of violence. 131. A/an ________________ is a criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated by racial bias and involve violence. 132. According to the text, ________________ handgun laws are a controversial issue. [Show More]

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