Chapter 7—Multicellular Primary Producers. Answers Explained

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Algae are divided taxonomically into different groups based on differences in: a. morphology. b. photosynthetic pigments. c. habitat. d. depth distribution. e. size. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall ...

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Algae are divided taxonomically into different groups based on differences in: a. morphology. b. photosynthetic pigments. c. habitat. d. depth distribution. e. size. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 2. The macroalgae are commonly known as: a. seagrasses. b. seaweeds. c. kelps. d. higher plants. e. phytoplankton. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 157 3. The color of light that penetrates seawater to the greatest depth in coastal waters is: a. blue. b. red. c. green. d. orange. e. yellow C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159 4. The depth distribution of algae is limited by: a. temperature. b. pressure. c. pH. d. light quality. e. salinity. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159 5. The compensation depth refers to: a. the depth at which seaweed growth compensates for grazers. b. always 3 times the secchi disk depth. c. the depth which provides only enough light for photosynthesis but not growth. d. the depth where competition excludes a species. e. the depth at which phytoplankton dissolve. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159 6. The greatest diversity of algae is found at: a. tropical latitudes. b. polar latitudes. c. subtropical latitudes. d. temperate latitudes. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159 7. In colder regions, some macroalgae die off in winter, but others termed ____ live for at least 2 years. a. perennials b. annuals c. eurythermals d. stenothermals e. biannuals. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 159 8. What is the dominant photosynthetic pigment found in all types of algae? a. Chlorophyll b b. Chlorophyll c c. Chlorophyll a d. Phycoerythrin e. Chlorophyll d C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 9. Photosynthetic pigments of algae are found in cells within: a. chloroplasts. b. nuclei. c. cell walls. d. mitochondria. e. vacuoles. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 10. All of the following photosynthetic pigments are found in red algae except: a. chlorophyll a. b. phycoerythrin. c. fucoxanthin. d. phycocyanin. e. chlorophyll d C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 165 | 168 11. Excess sugars stored by high-latitude algae can a. serve as accessory to cellulose. b. serve as antifreeze in winter. c. keep predators away. d. confuse predators with different colors. e. protect the algae from wave damage. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 12. Some algae utilize calcium carbonate to: a. deter herbivores. b. aid in maintaining a proper pH balance. c. assist in photosynthesis. d. replace mucus. e. prevent from freezing. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 163 13. Fragmentation is a type of ____ for drift algae, like Sargassum. a. mechanism that leads to genetic population structure b. sexual reproduction c. asexual reproduction d. response to high water temperature e. response to herbivory C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 14. When two or more separate mutlicellular algae stages occur in succession during the life cycle, we call this: a. gametangia. b. fragmentation. c. sporangium. d. alternation of generations. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 163 15. Which of these groups of algae could you potentially find in a high mountain lake? a. red b. brown c. green d. cyanobacteria C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 163 16. The phylum of green algae is: a. Rhodophyta. b. Chlorophyta. c. Anthophyta. d. Dinophyta. e. Phaeophyta. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 163 17. Those green algae that have large cells with multiple nuclei are termed: a. multinucleate. b. coenocytic. c. entronucleate. d. diploid. e. haploid. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 163 18. The marine macrophyte group with the highest number of species is: a. seagrasses. b. red algae. c. green algae. d. brown algae. e. blue-green algae. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 165 19. The following are all main points of the article Seaweeds and Medicine, except: a. Seaweeds have been used for thousands of years for therapeutic purposes. b. Vitamin C, iodine, and agar are substances found in seaweeds. c. Phycocolloids are used in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. d. It is extremely expensive to extract useful substances from seaweeds. D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 161 20. Coralline red algae have an outer covering made of: a. cellulose. b. calcium carbonate. c. silica. d. protein. e. starch B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 165 | 166 21. The haploid stage of the red algae life cycle is called: a. sporophyte. b. zygote. c. gamete. d. gametophyte. e. tetrasporophyte. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 166 22. The diploid stage of the red algae life cycle is called: a. sporophyte. b. zygote. c. gamete. d. gametophyte. e. haptophyte. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 166 23. The carposporphyte ____. a. is a gametophyte b. remains in the female gametoypyte c. contains four sperm cells d. is unique to green algae e. grows into the macroscopic algal form. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 166–167 24. Red algae are important to biomedical/microbiological laboratories due to the algal production of: a. carageenan. b. algin. c. agar. d. iodine. e. starch. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 161 | 167 25. Brown algae belong to the phylum: a. Rhodophyta. b. Chlorophyta. c. Anthophyta. d. Phaeophyta. e. Dinophyta. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168 26. All the following photosynthetic pigments are found in brown algae except: a. chlorophyll a. b. carotenoids. c. fucoxanthin. d. phycocyanin. e. chlorophyll c. C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 168 27. Brown algae can reach up to ____ meters in length. a. 25 b. 50 c. 75 d. 100 e. 200 D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168 28. Brown algae are most diverse and abundant along coastlines ____. a. at temperate latitudes b. at the equator c. bordering the Caribbean d. bordering the Indo-Pacific e. in polar regions. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168 29. Most brown algae start life attached to rocks; a notable exception is: a. giant kelp. b. North Atlantic Sargassum. c. feather boa kelp. d. Laminaria. e. Fucus. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168 30. Rockweed have eliminated the ____ life stage. a. sporophyte b. carpospore c. gametophyte d. zygote e. tetrasporophyte C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 169 31. In the giant kelp the large thallus is the ____ life stage. a. sporophyte b. carpospore c. gametophyte d. zygote e. tetrasporophyte A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 169 32. This structure can grow >50 m long in kelp. a. Blade b. Holdfast c. Stipe d. Gas bladder e. Rhizoid. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168 33. Which of the following is false about Sargassum? a. It is in the division Rhodophyta. b. Some species are pelagic. c. It is common in the Gulf Stream. d. It is buoyed by pnuematocysts. e. It forms a habitat for animals. A PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 168 | 171 34. ____ is an important food additive that is obtained from giant kelp. a. Carageenan b. Alginate c. Agar d. Dulse e. Diatomaceous earth B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 168 | 171 35. All of the following are hydrophytes except: a. turtle grass. b. Zostera. c. surf grass. d. cordgrass. D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 172 | 177 36. Marine flowering plants produce ____. a. a sporophyte b. a gametophyte c. tetraspores d. seeds e. carpospores. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 172 37. Seed-producing plants first evolved ____. a. on land b. in freshwater c. in the ocean d. in estuaries e. from red algae ancestors. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 172 38. Flowering plants that are salt tolerant are called a. algae. b. conifers. c. halophytes. d. sporophytes. e. haptophytes. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 172 39. An example of a hydrophyte flowering plant that can withstand and thrive under conditions of continued submergence is: a. cordgrass. b. pickle weed. c. salt grass. d. turtle grass. e. blue grass. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 173 40. The horizontal stems of seagrasses are called: a. rhizoids. b. rhizomes. c. stipes. d. blades. e. holdfasts. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 173 41. Most seagrasses add nutrients into the marine food chain via a. DOM. b. detritus. c. herbivory. d. marine geese. e. mucus. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 176 42. Which of the following is false about marine plants? a. They are common in protected bays. b. They have xylem and phloem tissues. c. They are found only in tropical areas. d. They produce seeds. C PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 172-176 43. Springtime vegetative growth in seagrasses is primarily due to metabolism of starch stored in the: a. roots. b. leaves. c. rhizomes. d. turions. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 173 44. The purpose of specialized lacunae are to: a. provide structure to the rhizomes. b. carry oxygen to plant parts. c. provide buoyancy to the blade. d. both b and c D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 173–174 45. In seagrasses the process of water-insoluble fertilization is called a. hydroponic pollination. b. hydrophilous pollination. c. sperm pollination. d. aquatic insemination. e. clonal growth. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 176 46. Salt marsh plants differ from seagrasses in that they: a. are not fully marine plants. b. require freshwater to reproduce. c. are intolerant of full strength seawater. d. are found throughout the world. e. have roots, while seagrasses do not. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 177 47. Salt marsh plants play an important ecological role in a. recycling nutrients. b. stabilizing sediments. c. filtering run-off from coastal areas. d. habitat for small animals. e. all of the above D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 178–179 48. Saltwort (Batis) maintains osmotic balance with a. succulent stems. b. salt glands. c. salt leaves. d. they cannot maintain osmotic balance; they are osmoconformers. e. salt filtration mechanisms in the roots. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 178 49. A mechanism in many salt plants to control osmotic pressure is: a. to remain as osmoconformers. b. to have succulent parts. c. to dry out. d. to go dormant during periods of high salinity. e. to drop leaves. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 178 50. How are giant kelp and sea grass alike? a. both contain chlorophyll a b. both utilize gas-filled spaces for buoyancy c. both lack conductive tissues and rely on diffusion to transport molecules manufactured by photosynthesis d. both a and b e. both b and c D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 168 | 174 51. Mangroves typically occur in/on: a. tropical and subtropical areas. b. temperate areas. c. polar areas. d. open coasts. e. sandy beaches. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 179 52. Mangrove trees have specialized ____ to stabilize the plant in ____. a. roots, mud b. holdfast, rocks c. roots, rocks d. holdfast, mud e. roots, sand A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 179–181 53. Pneumatophores are specialized to: a. exchange gas. b. produce nutritive roots. c. stabilize the plant. d. both a and b D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 181 54. Which of the following has a role in sediment consolidation similar to that of mangroves? a. red algae. b. seagrasses. c. green algae. d. rockweed. e. giant kelp. B PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 177 | 181 55. Marine plants may contribute to the prevention of algal blooms by: a. trapping sediments. b. absorbing excess nutrients. c. removing toxic organic pollutants. d. producing detritus. e. blocking sunlight. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 179 56. Organisms that grow on the surface of algae and marine plants are specifically called: a. parasites. b. mutualists. c. anthophytes. d. epiphytes. e. epizooites. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 167 TRUE/FALSE 57. Algae can reproduce both sexually and asexually. T PTS: 1 REF: 161 58. Algae have no vascular tissue. T PTS: 1 REF: 159 59. Red algae can only live in deep waters because their photosynthetic pigments are adapted only for these depths. F PTS: 1 REF: 159 60. Bladders on kelp function to anchor the thallus to the substrate. F PTS: 1 REF: 168 61. Holdfasts of algae and roots of flowering plants are structurally identical. F PTS: 1 REF: 172 62. The sporophyte generation of kelp is dominant and larger than the gametophyte. T PTS: 1 REF: 169 63. The sporophyte and gametophyte stages of sea lettuce are not identical. T PTS: 1 REF: 162 64. Seagrasses are not true grasses. T PTS: 1 REF: 173 65. Seagrasses do not produce pollen. F PTS: 1 REF: 176 66. The root system of mangroves is extensive and penetrates deep into the sediment. F PTS: 1 REF: 179-181 67. The greatest importance of seagrasses and salt marsh plants as a source of food is that they are eaten directly by invertebrates and wildlife. F PTS: 1 REF: 176–177 | 181–183 MATCHING Match the words with the most closely associated algae type. a. Ulva b. Sargassum c. Porphyra 68. Red algae 69. Brown algae 70. Green algae 68. C PTS: 1 REF: 165 69. A PTS: 1 REF: 168 70. B PTS: 1 REF: 163 Match the pigment with the most closely associated algae type. a. fucoxanthin b. chlorophylls a and b c. phycoerythrin 71. Red algae 72. Brown algae 73. Green algae 71. C PTS: 1 REF: 165 72. B PTS: 1 REF: 168 73. A PTS: 1 REF: 163 Match the words with the most closely associated algae type. a. gametangia b. tetrasporophyte c. zygote 74. Red algae 75. Brown algae 76. Green algae 74. B PTS: 1 REF: 166 75. C PTS: 1 REF: 170 76. A PTS: 1 REF: 162 Match the words with the most closely associated multicellular producer. a. rhizomes b. coralline c. holdfast 77. Red algae 78. Brown algae 79. Seagrasses 77. B PTS: 1 REF: 166 78. A PTS: 1 REF: 168 79. C PTS: 1 REF: 173 Match the term with the most closely associated term. a. Tropics b. Temperate; highest diversity in Indo-West Pacific Ocean c. Temperate 80. Seagrasses 81. Marsh plants 82. Mangroves 80. B PTS: 1 REF: 173 81. C PTS: 1 REF: 177 82. A PTS: 1 REF: 179 Match the words with the most closely associated term. a. Culms b. Pneumatophores c. Rhizomes 83. Seagrasses 84. Marsh plants 85. Mangroves 83. C PTS: 1 REF: 179 84. A PTS: 1 REF: 173 85. B PTS: 1 REF: 180–181 Match the words with the most closely associated multicellular producer. a. Stipe and blade b. Aerenchyme c. Filamentous d. Pelagic 86. Seagrasses 87. Red algae 88. Brown algae 89. Sargassum 86. B PTS: 1 REF: 174 87. C PTS: 1 REF: 165 88. A PTS: 1 REF: 168 89. D PTS: 1 REF: 168 Match the words with the most closely associated term. a. Matted, with inflated tips b. Flat blade perforated with holes c. Clustered, resembles thin chips 90. Agarum 91. Padina 92. Fucus 90. B PTS: 1 REF: 169 91. C PTS: 1 REF: 169 92. A PTS: 1 REF: 170 Match the words with the most closely associated term. a. food source for insects b. habitat for nesting birds c. covered with epiphytes 93. Seagrasses 94. Marsh plants 95. Mangrove 93. C PTS: 1 REF: 174 94. A PTS: 1 REF: 179 95. B PTS: 1 REF: 183 Match the words with the most closely associated term. a. pollinated by the wind b. disperses with floating propagules c. hydrophilous pollination 96. Seagrasses 97. Marsh plants 98. Mangroves 96. C PTS: 1 REF: 176 97. A PTS: 1 REF: 178 98. B PTS: 1 REF: 181 ESSAY 99. Explain the basis for how the three groups of macroalgae are divided, and name the main pigment(s) characteristic to each group. 100. How do large kelps transport sugars from the terminal ends of the thallus to the bottom? Is this characteristic of other algae? 101. Why is it possible for multicellular green and red algae to reproduce asexually by fragmentation but not the brown algae? PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 163-167 | 169–170 102. If salt marsh plants are facultative halophytes, then why do they live and dominate in salty areas but not elsewhere? PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 178 103. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of marine flowering plants. 104. What is the importance of accessory photosynthetic pigments to multicellular algae and other photosynthetic organisms? 105. What are two functions of mucilage in algae? 106. What advantage does phycoerythrin confer upon red algae? 107. The sporophyte stage of red algae produces spores that are shed into the water. What is the advantage of shedding spores into the water? 108. Describe the life cycle of the giant kelp (Macrocystis), including both the gametophyte and sporophyte stages. 109. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of the giant kelps. 110. How can seagrasses contribute to the building of the environment in which they live? 111. The flowers of seagrasses are small and inconspicuous, rather than large, colorful, and scented. Explain why these characteristics are useful in the marine environment. 112. What are at least 3 adaptations of salt marsh plants for withstanding salty conditions? 113. Outline at least 3 ecological roles of mangroves.