Test Bank for Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th Edition by Banich, and Compton

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Test Bank for Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th Edition, 4e by Marie T. Banich, Rebecca J. Compton TEST BANK ISBN-13: 9781107158443 Full chapters included Part I Fundamentals Chapter 1 Introduction ... to the Nervous System What Is Cognitive Neuroscience? Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System: Neurons and Glia Neuroanatomical Terms and Brain “Geography” Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System Spinal Cord Medulla: Control of Basic Functions Cerebellum: Fluid Movement Pons: A Connective Bridge Midbrain: Orienting by Sound and Sight Hypothalamus: Maintaining the Body’s Equilibrium Thalamus: Gateway to the Cortex Major Subcortical Systems: The Basal Ganglia and the Limbic System Cerebral Cortex A Closer Look at Neurons Electrochemical Signaling in the Nervous System Neurotransmitters In Focus: Can Herbs Really Improve Your Memory, Attention, and Mood? Myelination A Closer Look at the Cerebral Cortex Cytoarchitectonic Divisions Primary Sensory and Motor Cortices Association Areas White-Matter Tracts Summary Chapter 2 Historical Perspectives Ancient Times Until the 1800s The Twentieth Century: Heyday of the Lesion Method Single-Case Versus Group Studies Inferences That Can Be Drawn From the Lesion Method Limitations of the Lesion Method The 1960s, 70s, and 80s Studies With Nonhuman Animals In Focus: Discovery of the “Homunculus” Electrophysiological Methods Disconnection Syndromes Split-Brain Studies Hemispheric Specialization: Left Brain, Right Brain In Focus: Left Out? Lateralization in Non-Right-Handers The 1980s and 90s: The Advent of Brain Imaging Anatomical Methods: Computerized Axial Tomography Functional Methods: Positron Emission Tomography The Twenty-First Century: The Brain Imaging Revolution Summary Chapter 3 Methods Introduction Participant Populations Clinical Populations Neurologically Intact Individuals Techniques for Analyzing Behavior The Role of Cognitive Theories Assessment of Behavior in Brain-Damaged Populations Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy: Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) The Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Regional Brain Structure Anatomical Connectivity Techniques for Revealing Where in the Brain Activity Is Occurring Neurochemical Methods: Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Oxygen-Related Methods: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) In Focus: Participating in a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Electromagnetic Recording Methods Electroencephalography Event-Related Potentials Magnetoencephalography Optical Recording Methods Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Multilevel and Multi-Modal Approaches Combining Computational and Neuroimaging Approaches Summary Part II Neural Bases of Mental Functions Chapter 4 Motor Control Introduction Peripheral Control of Movement Motor Tracts Brain Structures Involved in Motor Control Subcortical Regions Cortical Regions Integrated Models of the Motor System In Focus: Using Brain Activation to Control Prosthetic Limbs Motor Disorders Subcortical Motor Disorders Cortical Motor Disorders Summary Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception The Retina Photoreceptors Ganglion Cells Receptive Fields Pathways From the Retina to the Brain The Tectopulvinar Pathway The Geniculostriate Pathway Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Layers of the LGN Retinotopic Mapping in the LGN Feedback Connections to the LGN Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex) Organization of Striate Cortex Binocular Integration in Striate Cortex Contextual Modulation of Cells in Striate Cortex In Focus: Seeing What’s Not There: Visual Illusions and the Striate Cortex Visual Areas Beyond the Striate Cortex Multiple Maps of the Visual World Area V4: A Special Module for Coding Color? Blindsight and the Visual Pathways Divergence into the “What” and “Where” Pathways Auditory Processing Computational Problems in Audition Organization of the Auditory Pathways Brainstem Computation of Spatial Location Organization of Auditory Cortex Auditory–Visual Interactions Conclusions Summary Chapter 6 Object Recognition The “What” Ventral Visual System Deficits in Visual Object Recognition Apperceptive and Associative Agnosias Prosopagnosia: Agnosia for Faces Category-Specific Deficits in Object Recognition Theoretical Issues in Visual Object Recognition Sparse Versus Population Coding for Objects The Problem of Invariance in Recognition Feature-Based Versus Configural Coding of Objects Category Specificity: Are Some Types of Stimuli More Special Than Others? Object Recognition in Tactile and Auditory Modalities Agnosias in Other Modalities Tactile Object Recognition Auditory Object Recognition What Versus Where Across Modalities In Focus: Visual Imagery: Seeing Objects With the Mind’s Eye Summary Chapter 7 Spatial Cognition The Dorsal Visual System for Spatial Cognition Anatomy of the Dorsal Stream Cellular Properties in the Dorsal Stream Coding for the Three Dimensions of Space Distinguishing Left from Right Depth Perception Spatial Frames of Reference Neural Coding of Reference Frames Dissociability of Reference Frames Categorical Versus Coordinate Spatial Relations Motion Perception Specific Neural Regions for Motion Perception Incorporating Knowledge of Self-Motion Space and Action Constructional Abilities Optic Ataxia Neural Mechanisms for Sensory-Motor Integration Spatial Navigation In Focus: Are Numbers Spatial? Navigational Skills Neural Coding of Spatial Environments Challenges to the Dorsal–Ventral Stream Dichotomy Summary Chapter 8 Language Brain Systems for Auditory Language Classic Neurological Conceptions Psycholinguistic Perspectives Evidence From Double Dissociations Language Processing From a Network Perspective Visual “Spoken” Language Basic Structure of American Sign Language (ASL) Neural Organization of ASL In Focus: Brain Organization in Bilinguals Neurological Bases for Visual Language Processing Evidence From Studies of Patients With Brain Damage Converging Evidence from Other Research Methods Processing of Non-Indo-European Languages and Other Symbolic Systems Kana and Kanji Music Right-Hemisphere Contributions to Language Processing Prosody Semantics Narrative, Inference, and Metaphor Summary Chapter 9 Memory and Learning What is Memory? Hippocampal Damage Causes Amnesia, a Disorder of Long-Term Memory Global Nature of the Deficit Temporal Profile of Affected Memories Spared Abilities Multiple Memory and Learning Systems What Distinguishes Memory Systems? Memory and Consciousness Nonhippocampal Regions Involved in Memory and Learning Domain-Specific Neocortical Regions: Initial Processing and Subsequent Access The Basal Ganglia: Skill Learning The Amygdala: An Interface Between Memory and Emotion Anterior Temporal Regions: Amodal Storage of Semantic Information Brain Systems For Different Stages of Memory Encoding: The Medial Temporal Lobe and Prefrontal Regions Consolidation and Storage: How Critical Is the Hippocampus? Retrieval: Hippocampal, Prefrontal, and Parietal Mechanisms In Focus: Does Sleep Help You to Remember? Working Memory: The Ability to Hold and Manipulate Information On-Line Patients With Deficits in Working Memory Studies With Nonhuman Animals: A Role for Prefrontal Cortex? Insights From Neurologically Intact Individuals The Relationships Between Memory Systems Theoretical and Computational Reasons for Distinct Memory Systems Interacting Memory Systems for Different Types and Stages of Learning Summary Chapter 10 Attention What Is “Attention”? Brain Structures Mediating Arousal Brain Structures Mediating Vigilance and Sustained Attention Selective Attention The Time Course of Attentional Selection Brain Regions Mediating Selective Attention Sources and Sites of Attentional Control Neural Mechanisms of Selection: Biased Competition Neural Bases of Divided Attention In Focus: Pay Attention to the Road! Network Models of Attentional Control A Distributed but Overlapping Network Altering, Orienting, and Executive Attention Selection of Goals Versus Detection of Behaviorally Relevant Stimuli The Default Network: The Lack of Attention or Internal Attention? Hemineglect: Clinical Aspects Clinical Features Theories Regarding the Underlying Deficit Treatment Hemineglect: Implications for Understanding Brain–Behavior Relationships Attention Based on Objects Hemispheric Differences in Attentional Control Processing of Unattended Stimuli Consciousness Summary Chapter 11 Executive Function and Higher-Order Thinking Theoretical Perspectives Controlled Versus Automatic Processes Goal-Centered Processing Multifactor Models Goal-Directed Behaviors Initiation of Behavior Creation and Maintenance of a Goal or Task Set Sequencing and Planning Shifting Set and Modifying Strategies Self-Monitoring and Evaluation Inhibition In Focus: Can You Inhibit a Memory? Higher-Order Thinking Abstract and Conceptual Thinking Rules and Inference Response to Novelty Judgment and Decision Making Organization of the Brain for Executive Function A Central Role for Working Memory in Executive Function Summary Chapter 12 Emotion Subcortical Contributions to Emotion Fight-or-Flight Response Fear and Emotional Learning Reward and Motivation In Focus: The Pleasure of Music Cortical Contributions to Emotion Representing Bodily Cues of Emotion Integrating Emotion and Action Incorporating Emotion into Decision Making Regulating Emotion Communicating and Interpreting Emotional Signals Models of Emotional Experience Summary Chapter 13 Social Cognition Social Influence Conformity Social Norm Compliance Understanding Other Minds Imitation and Simulation Theory of Mind Empathy Self Versus Other Autism and Social Cognition In Focus: The Pain of Rejection Perceiving and Judging Social Groups In-group–Out-group Effects Stereotyping and Prejudice Stereotype Threat Summary Part III Broader Applications Chapter 14 Psychopathology Schizophrenia Symptoms and Features Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe Disruption in Functional Connectivity What Causes Schizophrenia? Implications for Treatment Depression Symptoms and Features Frontal Lobe Posterior Cortical Regions Functional Connectivity Among Cortical Regions Subcortical Regions Therapeutic Interventions In Focus: Can Your Genes Make You Unhappy? Anxiety Disorders Symptoms and Features Amygdala and Hippocampus Cortical Regions Action Systems in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Substance Abuse and Addiction Reward Pathways Orbitofrontal Cortex Other Brain Regions Implicated in Addiction Conclusions and Caveats Summary Chapter 15 Brain Development and Plasticity Development of the Brain Changes in the Brain During Childhood Changes in the Brain During Adolescence Influence of the Environment on the Developing Brain Developmental Disorders Intellectual Disability Dyslexia Autism Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Brain Plasticity in Adulthood Recovery of Function Following Brain Damage Neurophysiological Responses to Insult Regional Mechanisms for Recovery of Function Recovery of Function in Adults Recovery of Function in Children In Focus: Can Deprivation in One Sensory Modality Promote Extraordinary Abilities in Another? Changes in the Brain With Aging Cognitive Changes With Aging Neural Changes With Aging Slowing the Effects of Aging Summary Chapter 16 Generalized Cognitive Disorders Closed Head Injury Etiology Neuropsychological Consequences Intervention In Focus: Closed Head Injury and Sports Dementing Diseases Cortical Dementias Subcortical Dementias Mixed-Variety Dementias Multiple Sclerosis Epilepsy Disorders of Conscious Awareness Summary Chapter 17 Cognitive Neuroscience and Society Public Perceptions of Neuroscience Neuroscience and Education Neuroscience and Social Inequality Neuroscience and the Law In Focus: Can Brain Imaging Detect Lies? Neuroscience and Performance Optimization Neuroscience and the Marketplace The Neuroscience of Morality [Show More]

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