APES unit 1, Questions and answers, 100% Accurate. Graded A+

APES unit 1, Questions and answers, 100% Accurate. Graded A+ enviornmental science - ✔✔-an interdisciplinary field of science that integrates natural science and social science How nature works How the environment ...

APES unit 1, Questions and answers, 100% Accurate. Graded A+ enviornmental science - ✔✔-an interdisciplinary field of science that integrates natural science and social science How nature works How the environment affects us How we affect the environment Causes of and solutions to environmental problems enviornment - ✔✔-the sum total of all living and nonliving things that affect an organism ecology - ✔✔-a biological science that studies the interrelationships between living organisms and their environments enviornmentalism - ✔✔-a social movement dedicated to protecting Earth's life-support systems for humanity and all other species natural capital - ✔✔-: the combination of natural resources and natural services that keep humans and other species alive and support our economies natural resources - ✔✔-air, water, land/soil, biodiversity, minerals (metals, etc.), renewable and nonrenewable energy natural services - ✔✔-air and water purification, water storage, soil renewal, nutrient recycling, food production, conservation of biodiversity, waste treatment, population control, climate control these are all things Earth does naturally and we depend on solar capital - ✔✔-energy from the sun perpetual resources - ✔✔-On a human time scale are continuous. Solar energy renewable resources - ✔✔-On a human time scale can be replenished rapidly (e.g. hours to several decades). Forests, grasslands, wild animals, soil, water sustainable yeild - ✔✔-The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply nonrenewable resources - ✔✔-On a human time scale are in fixed supply. Oil and natural gas Become economically depleted when the costs of extracting and using what is left exceed its economic value sustainability - ✔✔-the ability of the earth's various systems to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely Includes human cultural systems and economics trade-offs - ✔✔-example: must replant or protect forests in return for cutting down trees for paper products intrinsic values - ✔✔-organisms and natural capital have their own right to exist 4 scientific priciples of sustainability - ✔✔-Reliance on Solar Energy Biodiversity Population Control Nutrient Recycling enviornmentally sustainable society - ✔✔-meets the basic resource needs of its people in a just manner without degrading or depleting natural capital tragedy of the commons - ✔✔-Term coined by biologist Garrett Hardin to describe the degradation of free-access renewable resources Occurs when sustainable yield is exceeded IPAT equation - ✔✔-Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology Mathematical model to assess impact of different human actions Can be used to work towards sustainability by identifying key problems and initiating development of solutions exponential growth - ✔✔-growth in which a quantity increases at a fixed percentage per unit time Starts off slowly, but quickly grows to enormous numbers Economic growth - ✔✔-an increase in the capacity of a country to provide people with goods and services Measured by the gross domestic product gross domestic product (GDP) - ✔✔-annual value of all goods and services produced within a country Economic development uses economic growth to improve living standards Gross national product (GNP) - ✔✔-the value of all goods and services produced by a country in one year from all national and international business Per capita: divided by among the population Flaw in that it assumes everyone has an equal share Changes in economic growth measured in per capita GDP (per person) Affluenza - ✔✔-unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism Wealth gap - ✔✔-Uneven distribution of wealth Between developed and developing countries Between upper and lower classes Planetary management worldview - ✔✔-humans are separate from nature, nature exists to meet our needs, economic growth is unlimited, technology will compensate for depletion Stewardship worldview - ✔✔-earth can be managed for human benefit, but humans have an ethical responsibility to be caring and responsible managers Environmental wisdom worldview - ✔✔-humans are a part of and totally dependent on nature; nature exists for all species; economic growth should be earth-sustainable Null hypothesis (H0): - ✔✔-Assumes the variable you choose will have no effect or that there will be no difference between the variables and the controls (independent variable has no effect on dependent variable). Alternate hypothesis (HA): - ✔✔-suggests there WILL be an effect, or an observable difference. Variables - ✔✔-different factors that can influence the results of an experiment A good experiment tests one variable at a time Independent variable - ✔✔-also known as experimental or manipulated variable Dependent variable - ✔✔-also known as responding variable Statistical analysis - ✔✔-a quantitative method of analyzing data in order to disprove the null hypothesis P-value - ✔✔-probability that your results are due to chance and that there is no correlation between your independent and dependent variable The p-value will be a number between 0 and 1 The higher the p-value, the higher the probability that your results are NOT meaningful The "magic number" for p-values from ALL tests is 0.05 chi squared tests - ✔✔-(observed value-expected value)^2 divided by the expected value Determine the number of degrees of freedom for your test by taking the total number of terms (columns from data table) and subtracting one Paradigm shifts - ✔✔-massive revisions in scientific thought due to new discoveries or observations Scientific consensus - ✔✔-sets of data, theories, and laws that are widely accepted by scientists Closed system - ✔✔-all matter or energy in system stays within system Open system - ✔✔-matter or energy is lost from the system Matter - ✔✔-anything that has mass and takes up space Matter usually cycles in closed systems Mineral nutrients like phosphorous or nitrogen Plant and animal life (biomass) Pollutants to air, soil, and water Energy - ✔✔-the ability to do work Usually open systems No mass or volume Any form of electromagnetic radiation including heat, visible light, UV, gamma rays, microwaves, radio waves, etc. Kinetic energy - ✔✔-energy of motion Includes heat: total kinetic energy from all moving atoms, ions, and/or molecules in a given substance electromagnetic radiation - ✔✔-wave form of energy in which wavelength and frequency are inversely related Longer wavelength = lower energy EM radiation categorized according to wavelength/frequency Potential energy - ✔✔-stored by matter and potentially available for use Biomass - ✔✔-chemical bonds in organic molecules are a form of potential energy Chemical energy - ✔✔-Energy stored in bonds between atoms Chemical reactions release that energy Chem energy drives organic life Photosynthesis creates the bonds as glucose/carbohydrates High-energy bonds broken and replaced by low-energy bonds in respiration Energy released; used to drive cellular/body functions in organisms biomass - ✔✔-living matter The First Law of Thermodynamics - ✔✔-states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical process Can be converted from one form to another AKA "Law of Conservation of Energy" Second Law of Thermodynamics - ✔✔-when energy changes from one form to another, some of the useful energy is always degraded into a lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy High-quality energy - ✔✔-concentrated and can perform useful work (electricity, chemical energy in coal)-LIGHT Low-quality energy - ✔✔-dispersed and has little ability t