PATHO 3140 Exam. Reviewed 100%.

1. Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier? • Antibacterial fatty acids • Lysozymes in tears • Epithelial cells • Earwax • 2. Which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response ...

1. Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier? • Antibacterial fatty acids • Lysozymes in tears • Epithelial cells • Earwax • 2. Which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response? • Inflammatory response is the third line of defense. • Inflammatory response relies on cellular components only. • Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response. • Inflammatory response occurs at healthy tissue. • 3. Which complement factor is considered an anaphylatoxin? • C3a • C1 • C7 • C9 • 4. Which receptor is expressed on macrophages and facilitates recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens? • Complement receptors • Scavenger receptors • Toll-like receptors • Pattern recognition receptors • 5. Which statement regarding mast cells is true? • Histamine causes vasoconstriction. • Mast cells are found only in blood vessels. • Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation. • Mast cells are not involved in allergic reactions. 6. Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine? • Leukotriene • Prostaglandin • Adhesion molecule • Phagocyte • 7. Which statement is true regarding neutrophils? • Neutrophils are agranular. • Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation. • Neutrophils are the largest blood cells. • Neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages. • 8. What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a bacterial pathogen? • Interleukins • Interferons • Chemokines • Tumor necrosis factor • 9. Chronic inflammation is characterized by a(an): • Lack of giant cells • Absence of exudate • Dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages • Inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks • 10. Which of the following are not natural barriers? • Physical • Resistance • Biochemical • Mechanical • 11. Which characteristics are observable of vascular injury and inflammation? (Select all that apply.) • Redness • Coolness to the touch • Warmth to the touch • Increased swelling • Pain • 12. Which pathways activate the complement system? (Select all that apply.) • Antigen-antibody • Classical • Lectin • Alternative • 13. Which functions of the clotting system are exhibited at the site of injury or inflammation? (Select all that apply.) • Prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues. • Traps microorganisms at the site of greatest inflammatory cell activity. • Prevents clot formation at the site of injury. • Provides a framework for future repair and healing. • 14. Which of the following are systemic effects of inflammation? (Select all that apply.) • Abscess formation • Fever • Leukocytosis • Increased levels of plasma proteins • Decreased levels of plasma proteins • 15. ____Chemotactic___________ factors are biochemical substances that attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation. • 1. Which is a foreign or nonself substance? • Immunoglobulins • Lymphocytes • Antibodies • Antigens • 2. Which statement is true regarding the immune response in humans? • Before birth, lymphocytes are not produced. • B lymphocytes come from the thymus. • The thymus releases mature lymphocytes. • Generation of clonal diversity occurs in primary lymphoid organs. • 3. Which statement best describes the cells and their functions in the humoral arm of the immune system? • Cells undergo differentiation and develop into subpopulations. • Cells attack cancerous cells. • Antibodies are primarily responsible for protection. • Cells in the humoral arm are also called cellular immunity. • 4. Which term describes the type of immunity that occurs when preformed antibodies are transferred from a donor to a recipient? • Passive • Active • Memory • Cellular • 5. What is the precise portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding of an antibody? • Paratope • Epitope • Self-antigen • Immunogen • 6. Which antigen is too small to initiate an immune response? • Carrier • Allergen • Hapten • Self-antigen • 7. Which statement is true regarding immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies? • IgA-2 is predominantly found in blood. • IgA-1 is predominantly found in the body’s secretions. • The J chain anchors together the IgA molecules. • The gamma heavy chain is predominant. • 8. It is true that immunoglobulin E (IgE) is: • Designed to protect the host from large viruses • The primary cause of common allergies • The only inflammatory cell that can damage a virus • Specifically designed to prevent the invasion and attachment of pathogens through mucous membranes. • 9. Which statement is true regarding aging and the immune system function? • Older adults have decreased circulating antibodies. • T-cell function is increased. • Antibody production to specific antigens is inferior. • Response to infection is rapid. • 10. Which criteria influence the degree of immunogenicity? (Select all that apply.) • Foreignness to the host • Appropriate size • Appropriate quantity • Chemical simplicity • Chemical complexity • 11. Which of the following are molecular classes of immunoglobulins? (Select all that apply.) • IgC • IgD • IgE • IgM • IgN • 12. Antigens that can induce an allergic response are called ____Allergens_____. • 13. __Neutralization________ describes the inactivation or blocking of the binding of the antigen to a receptor? • 1. Which definition is true? • Allergy means the deleterious effects of hypersensitivity. • Immunity means an altered immunologic response. • Hypersensitivity means the protective response to an antigen. • Autoimmunity means the normal response to foreign antigens. • 2. Which statement is true regarding hypersensitivity reactions? • They require sensitization against a particular antigen. • They occur after the primary immune response. • Reactions are always delayed. • The most delayed reaction is anaphylaxis. • 3. Which statement best describes a type I reaction? • Most type I reactions are mediated by IgA. • Most type I reactions are allergic. • Most occur against medications. • Seldom does this type contribute to autoimmune diseases. • 4. What antibody binds to a mast cell? • Cytotropic • Allergen • Antigen • Fc • 5. Which statement is true regarding atopic individuals? • If one parent has allergies, then a 4% chance exists that the offspring will have similar allergies. • If two parents have allergies, then a 50% chance exists that their offspring will have similar allergies. • Atopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE. • No genes are associated with an atopic state. • 6. Which statement is true of serum sickness? • The formation of immune complexes in the blood cause serum sickness. • It is the deposition of complexes in the blood vessels. • It occurs through cytotoxic T cells. • It binds antigen to the cell surface. • 7. The Arthus reaction is an example of which type of sensitivity reaction? • I • II • III • IV • 8. Which statement is true regarding a type IV allergic reaction? • Is immediate in its action. • Is infiltrated with B cells. • Has a red, soft center. • Can be transferred by cells. • 9. Which is an example of an alloimmune disease? • Tuberculin reaction • Graves disease • Contact dermatitis • Penicillin allergy • 10. Which statement is true regarding unmatched packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusions? • Only three different RBC antigens have been identified. • Approximately 80 major carbohydrate antigens exist. • People with O type blood have neither A or B antigens. • A person with type A blood contains anti-O antibodies. • 11. Histamine release leads to which of the following? (Select all that apply.) • Bronchial smooth muscle contraction • Bronchoconstriction • Decreased vascular permeability • Vasoconstriction • Edema • 12. Antibody-related damage to cells through phagocytosis is an example of a mechanism of type ___2 (II)___ hypersensitivity. • 1. Which term describes an agent’s ability to produce disease? • Virulence • Pathogenicity • Infectivity • Immunogenicity • 2. Which statement is true regarding bacteremia? • It occurs with a normal defense system of the body. • Gram-positive bacteria typically cause bacteremia. • Endotoxins often cause symptoms such as vasodilation. • Symptoms include increased blood pressure. • 3. Which statement regarding viruses is true? • Viruses are less common than bacterial infections. • Viruses actively produce exotoxins. • Viruses bypass many defense mechanisms by developing intracellularly. • Viruses contain all their genetic information in ribonucleic acid (RNA). • 4. Which statement regarding fever is true? • Fever is a failure of the body to regulate temperature. • An endogenous pyrogen may produce fever. • The body’s central thermostat is the pituitary gland. • Fever is a failure of the body’s defense system. • 5. What contributes to antibiotic-resistant pathogens? • Inadequate sanitation • Genetic mutation • Loss of multidrug transporters • Limited use of antibiotics • 6. The stages of pathologic infection include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) • Invasion • Death • Colonization • Metastasis • Multiplication • 7. Which of the following are mechanisms of antigenic variation? (Select all that apply.) • Siderophoric switching • Mutation • Recombination • Gene switching • 8. Which mechanisms are used by viruses to evade the immune response? (Select all that apply.) • Rapid division • Antigenic specificity • Self-protein coat • Immune suppression • Lipopolysaccharide