GENERAL ANESTHESIA
General anesthesia is the abolition of pain or sedation by a temporary reversible loss of consciousness.
Premedication
• Anxiolytics - decreases anxiety
Midazolam, Benzodiazepine, Diazepam
• An
...
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
General anesthesia is the abolition of pain or sedation by a temporary reversible loss of consciousness.
Premedication
• Anxiolytics - decreases anxiety
Midazolam, Benzodiazepine, Diazepam
• Anti-emetics – to reduce nausea or vomiting
Ondansetron, Metoclopramide
• Antacids –
Ranitidine
• Anti-sialagogues – to decrease tracheo-bronchial secretions
Atropine, Glycopyrolate
• Antibiotics – to decrease infections
Amoxicillin, Cephalosporin
• Analgesics – opioids
Morphine, Fentanyl
Pre-oxygenation
It is done to reserve oxygen saturation so that the patient doesn’t go into hypoxia during the intubation. The intubation takes time where the patient’s airway is blocked and saturation might drop. Pre-oxygenation is done for 3 minutes where FiO2 = 100%.
Induction
IV agents
• Propofol – mostly used
• Thiopentone sodium – for an epileptic patient exclusively
• Ketamine – pediatrics
Inhalational agents
• Isoflurane – mostly used
• Sevoflurane - pediatrics
Muscle relaxants
• Succinyl choline – depolarizing agent given before intubation (or for short time procedures)
• Atracurium, Vecuronium – non depolarizing agents (mostly used) – maintenance relaxants
Intubation
• Oral or nasal intubation
• Direct laryngoscopy, video laryngoscopy or fibreoptic bronchoscopy can be done to aid intubation.
• The patient end of the infraglottic airways reach the carina of the trachea
• The patient end of the supraglottic airways reach the larynx.
• Cuffs of the tubes are inflated with cuff syringe
• Auscultate for lung sounds to confirm the airway position.
• The tube is then secured with tapes.
Maintenance of anesthesia
• Oxygen + inhalational agent + nitrous oxide + Atracurium or Vecuronium
Maintenance is done until suturing is complete.
Reversal
Neostigmine + Glycopyrolate (myopyrolate inj)
Glycopyrolate is given to reduce secretions caused due to neostigmine
Extubation
• Suction the airway
• Deflate the cuff
• Remove the intubated airway
• Oxygenate the patient through face mask
• Disconnect the monitors
• Monitor the vitals
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