Herzing University: Exam 4-Endocrine. 100% Corrected

hormones act locally on cells in which they are released and never enter the bloodstream. This local effect is called hormones are classified by hormones that Circulate freely in blood to target tissues water ...

hormones act locally on cells in which they are released and never enter the bloodstream. This local effect is called hormones are classified by hormones that Circulate freely in blood to target tissues water hormones that Bind to plasma proteins for transport and Cross cell membrane by simple diffusion lipid 3 hormones that peak during sleep hormone that rises early in the day, declines toward evening, and rises again toward the end of sleep to peak by morning cortisol Most of the functions of the pituitary gland rely on its interrelationship with connects the pituitary and hypothalamus stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids stimulates secretion of estrogen and the development of ova in women and sperm development in men stimulates ovulation in women and secretion of sex hormones in both men and women stimulates breast development necessary for lactation after childbirth the major physiologic role of is to regulate fluid volume secretion increases in response to exposure to the dark and decreases in response to light exposure melatonin melatonin is secreted from is necessary for the synthesis of both T3 and T4 When circulating levels of thyroid hormone are low, the hypothalamus releases made by C cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid gland in response to high circulating calcium levels Regulates serum calcium levels Stimulates renal conversion of vitamin D to its most active form PTH precursor for steroid hormone synthesis the most abundant and potent glucocorticoid, it is necessary to maintain life and protect the body from stress a potent mineralocorticoid that maintains extracellular fluid volume and inhibit aldosterone synthesis and release adrenal androgens are converted to sex steroids in peripheral make and secrete glucagon make and secrete insulin and amylin make and secrete somatostatin secrete pancreatic polypeptide F Released from pancreatic α cells and gut in response to low glucose, protein ingestion, exercise Principal regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Hyperpigmentation, or “bronzing” of the skin (particularly on knuckles, elbows, knees, genitalia, and palmar creases), is a classic finding in a form of adrenal insufficiency known as Hyperreflexia and facial muscle contraction upon percussion of the facial nerve is known as positive Chvostek's sign may occur in causes the skin to be fragile, resulting in purple-blue striae across the abdomen Cushing's Muscular spasms of the hand elicited on application of an occlusive BP cuff for 3 minutes is known as Trousseau's positive Trousseau's sign may be seen in 4 hormones that have the opposite effect of insulin type 1 diabetes is an Autoimmune disorder that fights and destroys islets of in type 2 diabetes the Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin but Commonly used medications that can induce diabetes in some people include -3 classic symptoms of type 1 diabetes normal hgA1c HgA1c in well controlled diabetes under oral med for type 2 diabetes that decreases insulin resistance oral med for type 2 diabetes that promotes insulin production rapid acting insulin has an onset of about 15 rapid acting insulin should be given within of meals short acting insulin has an onset of short acting insulin should be given within of a meal 2 long acting insulins vials of insulin may be left at room temperature for 4 problems with insulin therapy -3 thickening of the subcutaneous tissue a rebounding high blood sugar that is a response to low blood sugar 2 symptoms of somogyi effect characterized by hyperglycemia that is present on awakening Rapid-acting inhaled insulin Administered at beginning of each meal or within 20 minutes after starting a meal metformin works by reducing sulfonylureas work by increasing Slow down absorption of carbohydrate in small intestine objective manifestations of DKA Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is caused by a profound deficiency of insulin and is characterized The main difference between HHS and DKA is that the patient with HHS usually has 7 common signs of hypoglycemia Diseases of large and medium-sized blood vessels Greater frequency and earlier onset in patients with diabetes delayed gastric emptying