CHAPTER 09: EARLY EXPERIMENTS IN CRIME PREVENTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF CUMMUNITY POLICI NG STRATEGIES. All Answes

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1. According to the text, when evaluating the success of crime prevention programs, they should be carefully examined for all of the following reasons except: a. Measuring what did not happen is n... early impossible. b. Crime is usually overreported. c. The reduction in reported crime could be the result of the crime prevention program or occur because the responsible criminal or criminals left town, went to jail on some other charge, died, and so on. d. Crime can be influenced by everything from season and weather changes, school truancy rates, and the flu. 2. To reduce crime and the fear of crime, the Hartford Experiment involved a. organizing citizens to improve their neighborhoods. b. changing the physical environment. c. changing the delivery of police services. d. All of the above 3. One hazard of citizen patrols is the possibility of a. volunteerism. b. reciprocity. c. vigilantism. d. All of the above 4. The Flint, Michigan Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program was intended to examine the differences in a. motorized patrol and bike patrol. b. motorized patrol and foot patrol. c. foot patrol and bike patrol. d. motorized patrol and mixed patrol. 5. In the Flint, Michigan Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program, researchers found that foot patrol officers had a. less self-initiated activity than motorized patrols. b. the same amount of self-initiated activity as motorized patrols.patrols. c. no statistical difference was found between foot and motorized patrols. d. more self-initiated activity than motorized patrols. 6. Explorer programs are a. affiliated with the Boy Scouts of America. b. diversion programs for juvenile offenders. c. crime awareness programs for youths ages 7 to 12. d. None of the above 7. According to the text, since ancient time this method of deterring and detecting crime has been used. a. Bicycle patrols b. Fear reduction c. Volunteers d. Street lighting 8. According to the text, the goals of most police–school liaison programs include all except a. improving police–youth relations. b. preventing juvenile delinquency. c. enforcing school regulations. d. monitoring relations among police, school administrators, and teachers. 9. Which of the following was not a result of the Baltimore County COPE Project? a. A 10% reduction in citizens’ fear of crime b. An increase in calls for service c. Increased citizen awareness of and satisfaction with the police d. Improved police officer attitudes 10. Characteristics of the 18 model programs discussed included a. focus on causes of crime and appropriate punishment. b. focus on causes of crime and built on community strengths. c. built on community strengths and diversity. d. a strong leader and strong laws. 11. According to the text, which is not considered a commonly used crime prevention program by law enforcement? a. Street light project b. Citizen patrol c. Road blocks d. Property marking 12. One component of crime prevention through environmental design is a. clean sewers. b. street lighting. c. clearly marked parking spaces. d. property identification. 13. In the first Newark Foot Patrol Experiment, positive results were reported by a. residents. b. business owners. c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b 14. McGruff is a. the Oklahoma City Police Chief. b. the lead researcher and author of an extensive study of the outcomes of community-based policing. c. a spokesperson in a media campaign to teach crime prevention. d. the founder of CPTED. 15. A factor considered when selecting candidates for the Deferred Prosecution/First Offenders Unit is a. the offender’s credit rating. b. the nature of the current offense. c. the educational level of the offender. d. All of the above 16. The largest online safety group that provides help for online victims of crime is a. the Guardian Angels. b. WiredSafety. c. Net Safe. d. Citizens Against Internet Predators. 17. One of the impediments to community oriented policing is a. strong leadership. b. community involvement. c. lack of educated officers. d. the powerful pull of tradition. 18. Relieving the courts of matters not requiring the formalities of judicial intervention is an example of a. the Deferred Prosecution/First Offenders Unit. b. Community Dispute Resolution Centers. c. Volunteers in Parole. d. positive interaction. 19. According to the text, which crime prevention programs are among the most visible in the United States? a. MADD b. Crime Stoppers c. Citizen Crime Prevention Associations d. All of the above 20. Qualitative evaluations are __________ than quantitative evaluations. a. less descriptive and less statistical b. more descriptive and less statistical c. less descriptive and more statistical d. more descriptive and more statistical 21. According to the text, resistance to change is common, especially in tradition-oriented professions. The six impediments to implementing innovative, community-oriented policing include all of the following except: a. Lack of vision b. Cost of innovation c. Cost of training d. Unions 22. A modern example of the Guardian Angles is/are the a. Neighborhood. b. Guardian Angels. c. CyberAngels. d. Cyber Stoppers 23. In the Flint Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program, a. communication with citizens was a primary objective. b. officers were given great discretion. c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b 24. One issue to overcome in establishing community oriented policing is the balance between a. calls for service and overtime costs. b. responding to emergencies and community outreach efforts. c. calls for service and problem-oriented approach. d. strategic policing and reactive policing. 25. Included among the most common traditional crime prevention programs used are a. lobbying for longer prison sentences and tougher laws. b. citizen training in use of firearms and self-defense. c. neighborhood watch and property marking projects. d. All of the above 26. Improving lighting to deter and detect crimes a. is an example of synergism. b. is an example of CPTED. c. has no impact on how safe people feel. d. is the most important factor in reducing the occurrence of crime. 27. Community policing is a. having a DARE program. b. not a single program, but something that affects every aspect of police operations. c. having an effective Neighborhood Watch program. d. unobtainable for most rural agencies. 28. To reduce the residential burglary rate, the Seattle Citywide Crime Prevention Program used all of the following except: a. Self-defense courses b. Neighborhood block watches c. Home security checks d. Property identification 29. This nonprofit, grassroots organization was founded in California in 1980 to combat drunk driving: a. Prosecutors Against Drunk Driving b. Officers Against Drunk Driving c. Mothers Against Drunk Driving d. Veterans Against Drunk Driving 30. Available research indicates that street lighting a. decreases the incidence of crime. b. reduces citizens’ fear of crime. c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b 31. According to the text, block or neighborhood watch programs would not be described as a. the backbone of the nation’s community crime prevention effort. b. mutual aid societies. c. the eyes and ears of the police. d. vigilantism. 32. Good examples of special crime watch programs are a. electronic surveillance companies. b. storefront police precincts. c. realtor and carrier watch programs. d. All of the above 33. Property identification projects are aimed at a. deterring burglary. b. returning property that is stolen when deterrence fails. c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b 34. The nationwide program that encourages residents to turn on their porch lights, go outside, and meet their neighbors is a. National Night Out. b. Crime Stoppers. c. the McGruff “Take a Bite Out of Crime” program. d. Operation Crime Watch. 35. Dispute resolution centers contracted by the Unified Court System of the State of New York do all of the following except: a. Provide dispute resolution resources for local communities b. Prevent escalation of disputes c. Relieve the courts of matters not requiring judicial intervention d. Teach individuals how to resolve their disputes through community class action lawsuits 36. Studies have shown that CCTV a. only reduced crime where people were aware they were being watched. b. had no affect on crime. c. reduced crime. d. made citizens more aware of crime in their neighborhoods. 37. The most common activities of Neighborhood Watch programs are a. Operation Identification programs and home security surveys. b. firearm training seminars and self-defense demonstrations. c. roadside litter cleanup and graffiti removal. d. school crosswalk monitoring and latchkey kid programs. 38. According to the text, the most frequently committed violent crime in the United States is a. homicide. b. domestic violence. c. alcohol-impaired driving. d. sexual assault. 39. Traditionally, the most common forms of crime prevention were a. foot patrols. b. newsletters. c. community organizing. d. All of the above 40. The 18 model crime reduction programs evaluated by the National Symposium on Community Institutions and the Inner-City Crime Project shared all but one of the f-ollowing characteristics; they did not a. focus on causes of crime. b. target those who were less affluent. c. have sufficient resources. d. emphasize enforcement. 41. The Flint, Michigan, Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program appeared to do all the following except: a. Decrease crime b. Decrease citizen satisfaction with the foot patrol program c. Reduce citizens’ fear of crime d. Create a positive perception of foot patrol officers 42. McGruff has a. been received favorably by the public. b. become a dated concept and is being phased out of the crime prevention arena. c. had little impact on what people know and do about crime prevention. d. Both b and c 43. According to the text, including crime statistics in an anticrime newsletter a. raises the fear level of citizens. b. decreases the exposure of the newsletter. c. increases its effectiveness. d. None of the above 44. In the second Newark Foot Patrol Experiment, positive results were obtained with a. distribution of a newsletter. b. a coordinated foot patrol. c. a cleanup campaign. d. All of the above 45. The Whistle Stop program was designed to enhance citizens’ reporting capabilities. a. True b. False 46. A study of the Flint Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program found that officers on foot averaged much higher levels of productivity across most of the standard performance measures than did police in cars. a. True b. False 47. Studies of CCTV usage found that more than two thirds of the interviewees were aware that they were in a CCTV area. a. True b. False 48. Reserve officers, auxiliary patrol members, and community service officers (CSOs) always wear special uniforms and badges and must be armed. a. True b. False 49. Membership in MADD is open to anyone. a. True b. False 50. Resistance to change in a community is common. a. True b. False 51. Since ancient times, lighting has been one means to deter and detect crime. a. True b. False 52. In response to the Newark Foot Patrol Experiment, business owners believed crime increased. a. True b. False 53. General publicity campaigns directed at victims have had a limited effect. a. True b. False 54. The Portland antiburglary program succeeded in reducing the burglary rate for those who participated. a. True b. False 55. The Boston Foot Patrol Project found that increasing or decreasing foot patrol staffing had no impact on violent crimes. a. True b. False 56. In the Flint experiment, motorized patrol was rated superior in preventing crime and encouraging citizen self-protection. a. True b. False 57. According to the text, studies showed the 18 model crime reduction programs evaluated by the National Symposium on Community Institutions and the Inner-City Crime Project all had strong leaders. a. True b. False 58. The Citywide Crime Prevention Program of Seattle focused on residential burglary. a. True b. False 59. According to the text, community-based corrections gained popularity in the 1990s but are still resisted by many neighborhoods. a. True b. False 60. Referrals to dispute resolution centers can come from individuals wishing to refer themselves. a. True b. False 61. Although crime newsletters make readers more aware of crime, they also generally increase citizens’ fear of crime. a. True b. False 62. The way courts address the accused has a direct impact on the crime problem and on community policing efforts. a. True b. False 63. Citizen crime reporting programs (CCRPs) help to organize neighborhoods as mutual aid societies and as the eyes and ears of the police. a. True b. False 64. Ample evidence suggests communities that participate in Operation Identification programs have a greater number of apprehended and convicted burglars. a. True b. False 65. A benefit of the Deferred Prosecution/First Offenders Unit is that it conserves police, prosecutorial, judicial, and correctional resources. a. True b. False 66. Whatever the cost to implement, community policing appears to offer a realistic approach to reducing violence, crime, and the drug problem. a. True b. False 67. Community-based corrections is also called __________________. 68. CPTED stands for __________________. 69. Often referred to as __________________ projects, property identification is aimed at deterring burglary and at returning property that is stolen when deterrence fails. 70. A study based on observation or practical experience is called a/an __________________ study. 71. The __________________ Foot Patrol Experiment has garnered attention lately for its focus on place-based policing. 72. In the second experiment conducted in Newark, they did not show a reduction in fear of crime according to the __________________. 73. In the fear-reduction strategy experiments in Newark and Houston, coordinated community policing was also known as the __________________ project. 74. __________________ are more descriptive and less statistical than quantitative ones. 75. ____________________ is an approach to problem solving that asks what is it about this location that places people at risk or that results in opportunities for crime. 76. Community-based __________________ gained popularity in the 1990s but are still resisted by many neighborhoods. 77. In the context of law enforcement a PSA is a __________________. 78. Police departments’ inability to evaluate their own __________ is identified as an impediment that might hinder implementation of community oriented policing. 79. Many of the community-oriented programs focus on specific social problems of ______________ residents, problems that were “identified as correlates with, if not causes of, inner-city crime, such as emotional or family instability, lack of education, absence of vocational skills, unemployment, drug and alcohol abuse, juvenile gangs, and sexual abuse and exploitation”. [Show More]

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