Chapter_7_Movement: Questions and Answers

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/ 1. A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movements LEARNING... OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 2. In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movements LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 3. Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movements LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 4. Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movements LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 5. Infants have several reflexes not seen in adults. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 6. Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 7. Central pattern generators are most likely to be found in the spinal cord. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 8. A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 9. The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 10. People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 11. The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 12. The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 13. Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 14. Brain transplants for Parkinson's patients have generally been very successful. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Parkinson’s Disease LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.06 - Discuss the causes of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. TOPICS: 7.3 Movement Disorders 15. In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Huntington's Disease LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.06 - Discuss the causes of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. TOPICS: 7.3 Movement Disorders Multiple Choice 16. What type of muscle controls movements of the heart? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 17. What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 18. What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. syncarpous : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 19. What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers? a. Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber. b. The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements. c. The more axons which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements. d. The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements. : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 20. The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because ____. a. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles b. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles c. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not d. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 21. What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber? a. neuromuscular junction b. polar junction c. muscle spindle d. neurofiber synapse : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 22. Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called ____. a. extensor muscles b. flexor muscles c. cardiac muscles d. antagonistic muscles : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 23. The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to ____. a. relax b. contract c. fatigue d. stretch : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 24. Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm? a. a flexor muscle in the right arm b. an extensor muscle in the left arm c. an extensor muscle in the right arm d. another flexor muscle in the right arm : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 25. The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s). a. two; three b. one; three c. three; two d. three; one : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 26. The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of ____ to more than a hundred fibers. a. four b. three c. one d. two : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 27. In movement, the ____ muscle straightens the arm. a. flexor b. striated c. extensor d. skeletal : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 28. A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by ____. a. activating more action potentials b. increasing the amplitude of its action potentials c. recruiting different muscle fibers d. returning to its basal metabolic rate : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 29. Which muscles are especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed? fast-twitch muscles a. b. slow-twitch muscles c. smooth muscles d. intermediate muscles : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 30. If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior? a. It could chase prey over long distances. b. It could chase prey only over short distances. c. It probably travels constantly. d. It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation. : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 31. During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____. a. fast-twitch fibers absorb more glucose b. slow-twitch muscles produce glucose anaerobically c. glucose use increases d. glucose use decreases : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 32. Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect ____. a. intermediate fibers b. anaerobic contraction c. fast-twitch fibers d. slow-twitch fibers : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 33. Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is ____. a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. anabolic d. abolic : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 34. A proprioceptor is sensitive to the ____. a. degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue b. position and movement of a part of the body c. percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle d. degree of fatigue in a muscle : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 35. The stretch reflex ____. a. results in a stretch b. is caused by a stretch c. inhibits motor neurons d. sends a message for a muscle to relax : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 36. A boxer’s ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of ____. a. proprioception b. somatosensation c. pain d. vision : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 37. A muscle spindle responds to the ____. a. oxygen level in the muscle b. acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction c. fatigue of the muscle d. stretch of the muscle : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 38. A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the ____. a. dorsal root ganglion b. cerebellum c. Pacinian corpuscles d. muscle spindles : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 39. A Golgi tendon organ responds to ____. a. increases in muscle tension b. decreases in muscle tension c. increases in muscle spindles d. decreases in muscle spindles : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 40. The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to ____. a. prevent extreme muscle contractions b. guard against fatigue of muscles c. produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping d. regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 41. Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____. a. tension; fatigue b. fatigue; tension c. stretch; tension d. tension; stretch : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 42. Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____. a. contraction; inhibition of contraction b. inhibition of contraction; contraction c. inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction d. contraction; contraction : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 43. What experience is similar to losing proprioception? a. losing your sense of equilibrium b. walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep" c. having a phantom limb d. teeth chattering in the cold : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 44. A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes. a. constriction b. slow c. stretch d. fast : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Muscles and Their Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 45. A ballistic movement ____. a. is a rhythmic alternation between two movements b. is guided by feedback during the course of the movement c. proceeds automatically once it has been triggered d. tends to overcorrect itself : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 46. Central pattern generators ____. a. contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement b. generate movement which is unresponsive to environmental stimulation c. constrict the pupils in response to bright light d. control all reflexes in adult humans : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 47. A motor program is a ____. a. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback b. mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements c. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk d. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 48. Which action is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings? a. flapping wings if suddenly dropped b. learning to fly c. stretching its wings but not flapping them d. flapping its wings while eating : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 49. Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators? a. a dog shaking itself to dry off b. a child catching a baseball c. a child playing the piano d. an adult yawning : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 50. Which activity is an example of a motor program in a human? a. yawning b. making a list c. taking your first steps d. learning how to drive : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Units of Movement LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.01 - List the types of muscles and the proprioceptors that control them. TOPICS: 7.1 The Control of Movement 51. In order to elicit movement, the motor cortex ____. a. has direct connections to the muscles b. sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord c. controls isolated movement in a single muscle d. relies on feedback from individual muscle fibers : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 52. The posterior parietal cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement. : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 53. People with posterior parietal damage ____. a. can see an object, but are unable to describe it b. have good hand-eye coordination only if they close one eye c. have difficulty accurately locating and approaching a sound d. will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 54. People with posterior parietal damage ____. a. cannot walk toward something they hear b. have trouble converting vision into action c. can walk toward something they see but cannot reach out to grasp it d. cannot accurately describe what they see. : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 55. The prefrontal cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement. : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 56. The premotor cortex ____. a. is the main area for touch and other body information b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 57. Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____. a. an inability to move b. the loss of somatosensory experiences c. poorly planned movements d. no effect on movement : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 58. The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the ____. a. premotor cortex b. somatosensory cortex c. inferior temporal cortex d. tabes dorsalis : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 59. In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____. a. cannot locate the source of sounds b. lose their ability to see everything c. can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it d. cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 60. When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active? a. in preparation for movements b. during movements c. at or after the end of movements d. during inhibition of movements : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 61. The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the ____. a. premotor cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. supplementary motor cortex d. tabes dorsalis : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 62. Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex. a. posterior parietal cortex b. secondary motor cortex c. somatosensory cortex d. supplementary motor cortex : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 63. The supplementary motor cortex becomes active ____. a. during the second or two after a movement b. during the second or two prior to a movement c. only during a movement d. only after a movement : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 64. Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities. a. premotor cortex b. prefrontal cortex c. supplementary motor cortex d. tabes dorsalis : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 65. Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which motor areas? a. posterior parietal lobe b. primary motor cortex c. premotor cortex d. supplementary motor cortex : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 66. Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching. a. primary motor cortex b. spinal cord c. mirror d. observational : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 67. Mirror neurons are active when ____. a. viewing mirror images b. watching others perform movements c. identifying ourselves in the mirror d. playing the piano : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 68. The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement. a. readiness potential b. action potential c. evoked potential d. motor potential : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.02 - Describe the cortical mechanisms that control movement and its inhibition. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 69. Studies on conscious decisions regarding voluntary movements suggest that ____. a. we are conscious of our decision before brain activity is generated for movement b. voluntary movements are the result of free will c. brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision d. we are unable to judge when we make conscious decisions : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.05 - Evaluate the evidence regarding the role of consciousness in planning a movement. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 70. People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements. a feelings of intention a. feelings of intention b. the ability to make conscious decisions c. a sense of timing d. muscle strength : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.03 - Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 71. Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the ____. a. pyramidalspinal tracts b. horizontalspinal tracts c. dorsospinal tracts d. corticospinal tracts : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.03 - Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 72. Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area? a. cerebellum b. cerebral cortex c. spinal cord d. thalamus : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.03 - Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 73. The lateral tract cross over point is in the ____. a. pyramids of the medulla b. spinal cord c. reticular formation d. vestibular nucleus : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.03 - Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 74. Lateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the ____. a. arms, hands, and toes b. trunk c. face and head d. internal organs : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.03 - Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 75. Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body? a. contralateral b. ipsilateral c. bilateral d. dorsolateral : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.03 - Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts. TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 76. Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system? a. dorsolateral tract b. medial tract c. supplementary d. hippocampal : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.03 - Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts. TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 77. What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract? a. Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both. b. Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion. c. Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other. d. One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory. : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebral Cortex LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.03 - Contrast the anatomy and functions of the lateral and medial corticospinal tracts. TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 78. If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the ____. a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. hypothalamus : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Moveme 79. Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure? a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. parasympathetic nervous system : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 80. Damage to the cerebellum is most likely to interfere with ____. a. lifting weights b. the ability to remember a series of events c. rapid movements that require timing d. chewing and swallowing : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 81. What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to another? a. gyration b. sclerosis c. slide d. saccade : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 82. A saccade is initiated by impulses from the ____. a. spinal cord b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. hippocampus : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 83. After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test? a. The initial rapid movement to the nose b. The second step involving the hold function c. The third step which involves the finger moving to the nose by a slow movement d. Both the second and third steps : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 84. The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____. a. moving a finger rapidly toward a target b. holding a finger in a steady position c. using the hands to lift heavy weights d. coordinating the left hand with the right hand : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 85. The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____. a. precise timing b. control of muscle strength c. comparison between the left and right hemispheres d. detecting the intensity of a stimulus : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 86. Purkinje cells are ____. a. proprioceptors b. flat cells in sequential planes c. nuclei in the central cerebellum d. axons parallel to one another : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 87. How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response? a. By determining the number of Purkinje cells that fire in sequence b. By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells c. By determining which one of all the available Purkinje cells becomes active d. By passing information back and forth between one Purkinje cell and another : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 88. Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the nuclei of the cerebellum? a. parallel fibers b. Purkinje cells c. putamen cells d. saccade cells : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 89. The greater the number of Purkinje cells activated, the ____. a. less the collective duration of the response b. greater the collective duration of the response c. greater the strength of the response d. less the strength of the response : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Cerebellum LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 90. The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the ____. a. basal ganglia b. limbic system c. cerebellum d. sympathetic nervous system : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Basal Ganglia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 91. Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases ____. a. glutamate b. ACh. c. dopamine d. GABA : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Basal Ganglia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 92. Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the thalamus and the cerebral cortex? a. globus pallidus and putamen b. globus pallidus and caudate nucleus c. caudate nucleus and putamen d. globus pallidus : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Basal Ganglia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 93. The basal ganglia are most critical for learning ____. a. motor habits that are difficult to describe in words b. repetitive motor behaviors like cutting with a knife c. motor skills that include an element of balance d. fine motor skills such as sewing : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Brain Areas and Motor learning LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 94. Cerebellum is to ____ as basal ganglia are to ____. a. clumsy; paralysis b. initiation; stopping c. gross muscle function; fine motor coordination d. timing; voluntary movements : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Basal Ganglia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.04 - Describe the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia TOPICS: 7.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement 95. What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease? a. rapid fatigue of the muscles b. loss of saccadic eye movements c. difficulty initiating movements d. inability to coordinate speech with movements : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Parkinson’s Disease LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.06 - Discuss the causes of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. TOPICS: 7.3 Movement Disorders 96. Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which neurotransmitter? a. acetylcholine b. substance P c. serotonin d. dopamine : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Parkinson’s Disease LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.06 - Discuss the causes of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. TOPICS: 7.3 Movement Disorders 97. In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates? a. basal ganglia to cerebellum b. substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen c. cerebellum to spinal cord d. cerebral cortex to spinal cord : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Parkinson’s Disease LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.07.06 - Discuss the causes of Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. TOPICS: 7.3 Movement Disorders 98. The role of heredity in late-onset Parkinson's disease ____. a. equals that of early onset Parkinson's disease b. is probably not as great as with early onset Parkinson's disease c. is greater for DZ twins that MZ twins d. is greater for females than males 99. Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson’s disease in cases that involve ____. a. early onset of the disease b. late onset of the disease c. first-born children d. children with older brothers and sisters 100. What is the effect of MPTP? a. It kills the neurons that release dopamine. b. It suppresses activity of the immune system. c. It is converted in the brain to dopamine. d. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. 101. It is believed that exposure to herbicides and pesticides is ____. a. the primary cause of Parkinson's disease b. a contributing factor in some cases of Huntington's disease c. the primary cause of myasthenia gravis d. a contributing factor in some cases of Parkinson's disease 102. What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease? a. haloperidol b. physostigmine c. Dilantin d. L-dopa 103. A dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease because it ____. a. is already present in too large an amount b. does not cross the blood-brain barrier c. would have to be the size of a baseball to be effective d. is too expensive 104. What is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease? a. It only helps those who are in the later stages. b. It does not cross the blood-brain barrier. c. It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons. d. It blocks glutamate receptors. 105. L-Dopa, a common treatment for Parkinson's disease, is a drug that ____. a. inhibits activity of the immune system b. increases the brain's production of dopamine c. blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase d. facilitates the passage of sodium across neuron membranes 106. As an option for treating Parkinson’s patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be ____. a. the most effective technique b. more effective in late stages of the disease c. modestly effective, as with other treatments d. not at all effective 107. Early symptoms of Huntington's disease usually include ____. a. paralysis b. jerky arm movements and body tremors c. rapid fatigue d. difficulty coordinating the left hand with the right hand 108. What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease? a. rapid fatigue of the muscles b. loss of both sensation and motor control in certain limbs c. twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement d. impairment of saccadic eye movements and rapid alternating movements 109. Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease? a. Pathways of neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine b. The cerebellum and medulla c. The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus d. The hippocampus and amygdala 110. The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of the following? a. schizophrenia b. dissociative identity disorder c. antisocial personality disorder d. bipolar disorder 111. What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease? a. 5-7 years old b. 12-20 years old c. 30-50 years old d. 65 years or older 112. What is the relationship of genetics to Huntington's disease? a. It is caused by a dominant gene on the X chromosome. b. It is caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4. c. It is caused by a recessive gene on one of the autosomal chromosomes. d. There is no evidence linking Huntington's disease to any gene. 113. In its normal form, part of the gene that controls Huntington's disease repeats its sequence of bases ____. a. under ten times b. between approximately 11-24 times c. at least 36 times d. approximately 75 or 80 times 114. The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also ____. a. the approximate age of onset b. what other diseases the person will contract c. which drugs will best alleviate the disease d. which symptoms will become prominent first, and which ones later 115. Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington’s disease? a. enhancing formation of glutamine chains b. increasing production of huntingtin c. blocking formation of glutamine chain clustering d. decreasing production of BDNF Essay 116. Describe the areas and major functions of the primary motor cortex (include the relevant areas near to the motor cortex). 117. Describe the significance of mirror neurons. 118. Describe the relationship of conscious decisions and movements. What may this relationship reveal about consciousness? 119. Briefly describe the cellular organization of the cerebellum. 120. Briefly describe the nature of Parkinson’s disease. Include a discussion of its causes and possible treatments. [Show More]

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