Chapter 40: Zoonotic Diseases.. Answers Explained

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MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A zoonotic infection is an infection: a. that can naturally jump from animal to humans. b. that occurs from being in close quarters with humans, such as college dorms or milit... ary barracks. c. acquired at any health care facility, especially hospitals. d. acquired out in the community. A Zoonotic infections are those that can naturally jump from animals to humans. The term zoonotic was used first by a German physician in 1855. Infections can be transmitted from animals to humans through a variety of routes, including vectors, skin to skin contact, animal bites, inhalation of respiratory droplets, and ingestion of contaminated animal products. REF: 943 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 2. Zoonotic infections that jump from animal to human and then can be transmitted human to human, include all the following except: a. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). b. tularemia. c. Ebola virus. d. severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). B Occasionally, once these rare infections are introduced into a human population, the zoonotic pathogen can transmit human to human, resulting in a sustained persistence of the agent in the human population. Some zoonotic agents that have done this include HIV, influenza, Ebola, and SARS. REF: 943 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 3. Zoonotic infections that jump from animal to human, then cannot be transmitted directly to other humans, include all the following except: a. West Nile virus. b. rabies. c. influenza. d. bubonic plague. C Other zoonotic agents transmit from animals to humans, but the resulting disease is generally not contagious from one person to another, so humans essentially represent dead-end hosts. Some zoonotic infections of the type include West Nile virus, rabies, ehrlichiosis, bubonic plague, tularemia, brucellosis, leptospirosis, and Lyme borreliosis. REF: 943 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 4. What are the natural hosts for the plague-causing organism Yersinia pestis? a. Birds b. Deer c. Monkeys d. Rats D Rats are the natural host for the vectors that transmit the disease, and humans are accidental hosts. The vectors are fleas that normally infest the brown and black rats. REF: 949 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 5. What is the classic symptom of the bubonic plague? a. Painful swollen lymph nodes b. Febrile illness c. Rash on the trunk and limbs d. Septic shock A The disease is usually characterized by a lesion in a regional lymph node that drains the infected area. The resulting painful buboes usually occur in the groin, axilla, or subauricular area. REF: 949 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 6. What disease is transmitted by Ixodes dammini? a. Plague b. Lyme disease c. Rocky Mountain spotted fever d. Colorado tick fever B Lyme borreliosis, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is an arthropod-borne disease in which humans are accidental hosts. The disease is most commonly transmitted by ticks, including Ixodes dammini, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes ricinus, and Amblyomma americanum. Other insects can also harbor the spirochete. REF: 950 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 7. What finding is characteristic of early Lyme disease? a. Photosensitivity and headache b. Fever and septic arthritis c. Bull’s-eye rash and flulike symptoms d. Petechiae and endocarditis C In about two thirds of infected patients, the early stage is characterized by a red papule at the site of the bite within the first 30 days of infection. The papules, referred to as erythema migrans, or EM, can expand to form erythematous concentric rings with a central papule. Spirochetemia can cause flulike symptoms, lymphadenopathy, oligoarthritis, carditis, and neurologic manifestations. REF: 950 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 8. If you are bitten by a dog, what organism is most likely to cause an infection at the site of the bite? a. Borrelia burgdorferi b. Bacillus anthracis c. Yersinia pestis d. Pasteurella multocida D The most common manifestation of human pasteurellosis is cellulitis, primarily from the bites or scratches of dogs and cats. Cats are usually involved more often than dogs. Although most P. multocida infections are transmitted directly from the animal bite to the human, animals can infect preexisting abrasions by licking them. REF: 944 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 9. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae normally infects all the following animals except: a. cows. b. swine. c. poultry. d. fish. A Often isolated from contaminated water and soil, E. rhusiopathiae is important in veterinary medicine, causing infections in swine, poultry, small mammals, fish, and crustaceans. REF: 944 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 10. Even though this organism is part of the canine and feline normal oral flora, most infections occur in patients that have had a splenectomy, have cancer, or abuse drugs. What organism is this? a. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae b. Capnocytophaga canimorsus c. Yersinia pestis d. Borrelia burgdorferi B C. canimorsus is a normal inhabitant of canine and feline oral flora, and infections occur as the result of dog bites. Dissemination and septicemia occur more often than the self-limiting lesions. About 90% of infections are found in patients who have had a splenectomy, have cancer, or abuse drugs. REF: 945 OBJ: Level 2: Interpretation 11. All of the following organisms cause cat scratch disease in humans except: a. Bartonella henselae. b. Bartonella clarridgeiae. c. Borrelia burgdorferi. d. Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii. C Some species that infect humans are B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, B. vinsonii subsp. vinsonii, B. vinsonii subsp berkhoffii, and B. vinsonii subsp arupensis. REF: 945 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 12. What disease is known as the woolsorter’s disease? a. Glanders b. Venezuelan equine encephalitis c. West Nile disease d. Anthrax D Anthrax, also known as woolsorter’s disease and malignant pustule, is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a large (2.5 m by 10 m), gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. REF: 946 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 13. Bacillus anthracis is a pathogen for what types of animals? a. Herbivores b. Carnivores c. Felines d. Voles A This organism occurs naturally in the soil and is a pathogen of herbivores, such as cattle, sheep, and goats. REF: 946 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 14. What is the most common form of anthrax? a. Inhalation b. Cutaneous c. Gastrointestinal d. Septicemic B The most common form of the infection is the cutaneous form, which mimics many other cutaneous infections. REF: 946 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 15. Bacillus anthracis produces all the following virulence factors except: a. lethal factor. b. lipopolysaccharide. c. glutamic acid. d. edema factor. B B. anthracis produces three virulence factors. The virulence factors include the glutamic acid that inhibits phagocytosis, the lethal factor, and the edema factor. LPS is found in the cell wall of gram-negative organisms. REF: 946 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 16. All of the following symptoms are among the most common presentations in tularemia except: a. ulceroglandular. b. oropharyngeal. c. cholera-like. d. typhoidal. C The most common presentations of tularemia are ulceroglandular, oropharyngeal, oculoglandular, glandular, pleuropulmonary, and typhoidal. REF: 947 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 17. What is another name for brucellosis? a. Glanders b. Anthrax c. Lyme disease d. Undulant fever D Brucellosis has many synonyms, including Mediterranean fever, Malta fever, Gibraltar fever, Bang’s disease, Neapolitan fever, Cyprus fever, and undulant fever. REF: 947 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 18. Humans become infected with leptospirosis directly from animal: a. urine. b. feces. c. blood. d. saliva. A Humans may be directly infected from animal urine or indirectly by contact with soil or water that is contaminated with urine from infected animals. REF: 948 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 19. In the first phase of leptospirosis, humans exhibit all the following symptoms except: a. sudden temperature spikes. b. hepatitis. c. vivid pink eyes. d. severe headaches. B In the first phase, the patient has sudden temperature spikes, severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, and muscle aches. Patients often experience confusion secondary to dehydration. The majority of patients develop vivid pink eyes. REF: 948 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 20. Patients that develop Weil’s syndrome have all the following symptoms except: a. hemolysis. b. jaundice. c. congestive heart failure. d. renal failure. C Weil’s syndrome starts in the same way as anicteric leptospirosis. On about the third day of the illness, however, the patient develops hemolysis, jaundice, and renal failure. REF: 949 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 21. Rickettsial organisms, which cause disease in humans, are transmitted by which of the following methods? a. Arthropod vectors b. Aerosols c. Fomite contact d. Contact with body fluids A Rickettsia are short, nonmotile, gram-negative bacilli, approximately 0.8 to 2.0 m by 0.3 to 0.5 m in size, that are arthropod-borne, obligate intracellular bacteria that can grow only in the cytoplasm of host cells. They spend at least part of their life cycle in an arthropod. The arthropod hosts generally serve as both reservoirs (transovarial transmission) and vectors (transmission between mammalian hosts) for members of the genus Rickettsia. REF: 951 OBJ: Level 1: Recall 22. Pathogens within the family Anaplasmataceae infect which cell type in humans? a. Lymphocytes b. Epithelial cells c. Erythrocytes d. Phagocytes A Anaplasmataceae differ from the other members of the rickettsiae in that they multiply in the phagosomes of host leukocytes and not in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. REF: 952 OBJ: Level 1: Recall [Show More]

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