Chapter 5—Biological Concepts. Answers Explained

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MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The person who presented a similar theory of evolution to that of Darwin was: a. Charles Lyle. b. Alfred Wallace. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Alfred Wegener. e. Robert Ballard. ... B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 107–108 2. The geological evidence that was incorporated by Darwin, which showed that the earth was much older than previously thought, was compiled by a. Charles Lyell. b. Alfred Wallace. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Alfred Wegener. e. Steven Jay Gould. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 107 3. Carbohydrates contain all the following elements except: a. carbon. b. nitrogen. c. hydrogen. d. oxygen. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 97 4. Glucose is a(n): a. octahedral carbon base. b. six carbon sugar. c. heptahedral sugar. d. five carbon sugar. e. strong polar ion. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 67 5. Sucrose is composed of: a. a molecule of glucose and galactose. b. two molecules of glucose. c. a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose. d. a molecule galactose and fructose. e. two molecules of fructose. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 98 6. Lactose is a. a disaccharide. b. an energy source for plants. c. a polysaccharide. d. also known as table sugar. e. a form of starch. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 98 7. An organic molecule comprised of linked similar units is called: a. a sugar. b. a protein. c. a polymer. d. an enzyme. e. a monomer. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 98 8. The following are all biological molecules utilized in the bodies of marine animals, except a. chitin. b. triglycerides. c. glycogen. d. cellulose. e. enzymes. D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 98–99 9. The hard exterior of crabs and lobsters is: a. chitin. b. triglycerides. c. glycogen. d. cellulose. e. based on wax polymers. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 99 10. Fats, oils, and waxes are called: a. sugars. b. polysaccharides. c. lipids. d. proteins. e. monomers. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 99 11. Proteins are polymers whose basic chemical units are called: a. amino acids. b. polysaccharides. c. lipids. d. cellulose. e. nucleosides. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 99 12. The number of different amino acids is: a. 10. b. 20. c. 30. d. 40. e. 50. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 99 13. Amino acids are assembled within the cells to form: a. nucleic acids. b. triglycerides. c. phospholipids. d. polypeptides. e. DNA. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 99 14. Genetic information is translated into ____, which direct(s) the chemical activity of an organism. a. DNA b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. proteins e. inorganic material. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 100–101 15. A molecule comprised of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group is called: a. a nucleic acid. b. a triglyceride. c. deoxyribonucleic acid. d. a polypeptide. e. a carbohydrate. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 100 16. The genetic information of an organism is coded within that organism's a. DNA. b. carbohydrates. c. lipids. d. proteins. e. cell membranes. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 100 17. DNA's shape is: a. a helix. b. a pentagon. c. an octahedron. d. a heptahedron. e. a scalene triangle. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 100 18. DNA contains an organism's genetic material, organized into sequences called: a. genes. b. chromosomes. c. gametes. d. nuclei. e. sperm and egg cells. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 100 19. Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are condensed into larger structures called: a. DNA. b. proteins. c. chromosomes. d. lipids. e. cell membranes. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 100 20. Messenger RNA is: a. information copied or transcribed from DNA. b. comprised of rRNA. c. comprised of tRNA. d. referenced by DNA. e. used by cells to communicate with each other. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 100–101 21. The RNA that brings proteins to the ribosome is called: a. ribosomal RNA. b. transfer RNA. c. messenger RNA. d. RNA. e. helper RNA. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 101 22. All the genes that exist at a given time for a given population are collectively called a. the gametes. b. the gene pool. c. the chromosomes. d. the nuclei. e. the population structure. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 111 23. If a population of short-lived, annually reproducing fish is exposed for several years in a row to a chemical toxin that kills 5% of them each year, what might you expect to happen if the population is re-exposed to the chemical several years later? a. much higher death rate. b. lower death rate. c. about the same death rate. d. no mortality—they will be immune to the toxin. B Fewer fish would die upon re-exposure. The population will have evolved resistance to the toxin. Natural selection (appearing in the form of the toxin) would have selected individuals that are naturally resistant to the toxin, allowing them to persist and reproduce, passing the resistant trait on within the next generation of fish. PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: 108–109 24. A population of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other populations is considered a: a. kingdom. b. phylum. c. genus. d. species. e. class. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 112 25. The occurrence of geographic isolation between two populations will ultimately lead to: a. sexual dimorphism. b. allopatric speciation. c. morphological similarity. d. sympatric speciation. e. sexual selection. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 113 26. The basic living unit of all living organisms is called: a. tissue. b. germ plasma. c. cells. d. organs. e. DNA. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 101 27. All types of cells are capable of all of the following EXCEPT: a. metabolism. b. movement. c. growth. d. reproduction. e. energy conversion. B PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 103 28. Cytoplasm is comprised of: a. organelles and cytosol. b. gametes and organelles. c. DNA and RNA. d. gametes and DNA. e. gametes and RNA. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 101 29. A eukaryote cell has all these features except a. membrane-bound organelles. b. it lacks a nucleus. c. cytosol. d. it is often associated with other cells to form a multi-cellular organism. e. numerous chromosomes. B PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 101–103 30. Which is not true of a prokaryote cell? a. it has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. b. it lacks membrane-bound organelles. c. it is always within a cell wall. d. it is always single cellular. e. it lacks chromosomes. A PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 101 31. The organelle responsible for radiant energy conversion to chemical energy is called the: a. nucleus. b. chloroplasts. c. mitochondria. d. flagella. e. cytosol. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 103–104 32. The organelles of movement are called: a. nuclei. b. chloroplasts. c. flagella and cilia. d. mitochondria. e. cytosol. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 105 33. Plants and algae contain this organelle not found in heterotrophs: a. nucleus. b. mitochondria. c. chloroplasts. d. flagella. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 103–104 34. Cellular respiration occurs in the a. nucleus. b. chloroplasts. c. flagella. d. mitochondria. e. cell membranes. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 104 35. Reproduction in prokaryotes is known as: a. binary fission. b. meiosis. c. mitosis. d. sexual reproduction. e. spawning. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 104–105 36. In eukaryotes the nucleus is duplicated in a process called: a. binary fusion. b. meiosis. c. mitosis. d. fusion. e. cloning. C PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 105 37. A single-celled diploid eukaryote with 8 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes do the resultant offspring possess? a. 2 b. 4 c. 8 d. 16 C PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: 106 38. Groups of the same cell type that serve a particular purpose are called: a. colonies. b. organs. c. organ systems. d. tissues. e. functional clusters. D PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 106 39. Which is the proper order of organization? a. Cells, organs, tissues b. Cells, tissues, organs c. Organs, tissues, organs systems d. Organs, cells, tissues e. Tissues, organs, cells. B PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 106 40. Binomial nomenclature uses the following two words in naming organisms: a. genus and species. b. kingdom and phylum. c. family and genus. d. class and order. e. order and species. A PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 115 41. Organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are placed within the domain a. Archaea. b. Eubacteria. c. Prokaryotae. d. a or b e. Eukarya. D PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: 116 42. Multicellular animals belong to the kingdom a. Plantae. b. Animalia. c. Prokaryotae. d. Fungi. B PTS: 1 DIF: Recall REF: 116 TRUE/FALSE 43. The processes of natural selection are non-random and lead to the incorporation of only favorable traits in succeeding generations. F Natural selection acts without purpose, and neutral traits can also be passed along. PTS: 1 REF: 108 44. The only source of variety and diversity in sexually reproducing organisms is through mutations. F PTS: 1 REF: 109–110 45. Organisms classified in the same genus share similar characteristics of morphology and are believed to have a common ancestor. T PTS: 1 REF: 115 46. The salinity of the environment is a good example of a natural evolutionary selective force. T PTS: 1 REF: 108 MATCHING Match the term on the left with the associated items on the right. a. glucose & fructose b. basic fuel for living cells c. glucose & glucose 47. Lactose 48. Glucose 49. Sucrose 47. B PTS: 1 REF: 97–98 48. C PTS: 1 REF: 97–98 49. A PTS: 1 REF: 97–98 Match the description with its most closely associated term. a. reduction division b. cell splitting in two c. nuclear duplication 50. Mitosis 51. Meiosis 52. Binary fission 50. C PTS: 1 REF: 110–111 51. A PTS: 1 REF: 110–111 52. B PTS: 1 REF: 110–111 Match the description with its most closely associated term. a. alleles switching chromosomes b. gametes c. increase in genetic variation 53. Sexual reproduction 54. Crossing over 55. Recombination 53. B PTS: 1 REF: 111 54. A PTS: 1 REF: 111 55. C PTS: 1 REF: 111 Match the description with its most closely associated term. a. divergent courtship methods b. spatially separated c. incompatible copulatory organs 56. Habitat isolation 57. Anatomical isolation 58. Behavioral isolation 56. B PTS: 1 REF: 112 57. C PTS: 1 REF: 112 58. A PTS: 1 REF: 112 Match the phrase with the most closely associated name. a. binomial nomenclature b. speciation c. age of the earth 59. Charles Darwin 60. Charles Lyell 61. Carl Linnaeus 59. B PTS: 1 REF: 107 | 113 | 115 60. C PTS: 1 REF: 107 | 113 | 115 61. A PTS: 1 REF: 107 | 113 | 115 Match the words with the most closely associated term. a. Fungi, Plantae, Animalia b. Eukarya c. Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya 62. Domain 63. Kingdom 64. Protists 62. C PTS: 1 REF: 116–117 63. A PTS: 1 REF: 116–117 64. B PTS: 1 REF: 116–117 Match the function with the most closely associated cell part. a. protects DNA b. energy powerhouse c. selects what enters the cell d. propels cell through liquids 65. Mitochondrion 66. Plasma membrane 67. Nucleus 68. Flagella 65. B PTS: 1 REF: 102–103 66. C PTS: 1 REF: 102–103 67. A PTS: 1 REF: 102–103 68. D PTS: 1 REF: 102–103 Match the words with the most closely associated term. a. muscle b. biological catalysts c. semi-rigid body parts of animals 69. Enzymes 70. Structural proteins 71. Contractile proteins 69. B PTS: 1 REF: 100 70. C PTS: 1 REF: 100 71. A PTS: 1 REF: 100 Match the words with the most closely associated term. a. Only populations b. Only individuals c. Individuals and populations 72. Random genetic change 73. Natural selection 74. Evolution 72. B PTS: 1 REF: 109 73. C PTS: 1 REF: 109 74. A PTS: 1 REF: 109 Match the words with the most closely associated term. a. acts on organisms with disadvantages under existing environmental conditions b. affects generations that are better adapted to existing environmental conditions c. is unique 75. Random genetic change 76. Natural selection 77. Evolution 75. C PTS: 1 REF: 108-109 76. A PTS: 1 REF: 108-109 77. B PTS: 1 REF: 108-109 ESSAY 78. How did the work of Charles Lyell influence Charles Darwin, as he was forming his theory of evolution by natural selection? 79. Briefly describe at least 4 levels of biological organization in organisms. 80. What is a gene? How are genes involved in the evolutionary process? 81. What processes gave rise to the reproductive isolation between Caribbean and Pacific marine organisms on either side of Central America? Discuss both biotic and abiotic processes in your answer. 82. How are the processes of artificial selection and natural selection similar and how are they different? 83. Describe the four premises of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. 84. In the context of population genetics, what is meant by the term "fitness?" 85. What are the shortcomings of the typological definition of species? 86. Define and briefly describe Domains. 87. A marine biologist compares 2 samples of reef-building coral colonies collected from various locations on a coral reef. One colony has thick, stout branches while the other has long, thin branches. Are these different species? Discuss why or why not. How could the biologist solve this question? [Show More]

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