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HIST 101 Semester 1 test database. Details about treatment of indigenous people, such as those described in the ecerpt, most directly contributed to which of the following? (5 points) Select one: ... a. Limitations on the ability of the Catholic Church to influence eplorers b. Social and political debate in Europe on the moral treatment of native people c. Social pressure on the European powers to cease eploration efforts d. The creation of secular and religious aid organizations in the New World How do the views epressed in the ecerpt about American Indians compare with those of the U.S. government after the Civil War? (5 points) Select one: a. Both thought that American Indian labor should be used to economically benefit the country in possession of the land. b. Las Casas's views focused mostly on the economic potential of the American Indians, while the U.S. government wanted mostly to ensure that American Indians retained their tribal identities. c. Both thought land should be taken from the American Indians, but the U.S. government wanted American Indians to be paid for it, while Las Casas did not. d. Las Casas was primarily concerned with the spiritual improvement of the American Indians, while the U.S. government hoped to assimilate Indians so that they would behave more like white Americans. Hudson's eperience is typical of Dutch interaction with Native Americans in that it was (5 points) Select one: a. plagued by unpleasant and unproductive interactions b. marked by mutually beneficial echanges marred by a few American Indian misdeeds c. defined by lucrative dealings with neither side engaging in misconduct d. tainted by animosity emanating from both groups Which of the following was a primary cause of the breakdown in relations between American Indians and the British colonists? (5 points) Select one: a. British refusal to consider intermarriage b. Competition for food and other resources c. American Indians' open and early hostility d. Distrust of foreign practices and religion King Philip's War cemented which views commonly held by English colonists? (5 points) Select one: a. American Indians could be relied upon as allies and friends. b. American Indians could become civilized over time, with proper guidance. c. American Indians were brutal, unpredictable savages. d. American Indians yearned for religious and cultural direction from Europeans. How did disease affect interaction between early colonizers and the American Indians? (5 points) Select one: a. Lack of immunity to American bacteria led many early European colony attempts to die out. b. Early colonizers wiped out vast numbers of native peoples through the spread of viral diseases. c. Populations on both sides were strengthened as survivors carried immunities from both groups. d. Attempts to colonize slowed dramatically because of fear of disease and lack of medical care. Restrictions outlined in acts such as the Navigation Act reflect which of the following? (5 points) Select one: a. Acceptance of salutary neglect policies b. Attempts to promote a policy of mercantilism c. Ideology that grew from the Glorious Revolution d. Response to booming piracy and privateering Which of the following did not result from the Great Awakening? (5 points) Select one: a. Churches became more critical of government intervention in religion. b. Denominations merged as celebrity preachers gained large followings. c. Religious activity infused the masses, including slaves and women. d. Traditional authority and the commercial society were widely questioned. Why were many American Indians more inclined to side with the French during the Seven Years' War than they were with the British colonists? (5 points) Select one: a. They had long established trade ties with the French, most of whom did not seek permanent settlement. b. The French were committed to the goal of ending European permanent colonization on the continent. c. The British were viewed as a far greater threat to the future of their people and those of related tribes. d. Their trade with the British had not significantly impressed them, and they saw no gain in siding with the British. What was the significance of the boundary created by the Proclamation of 1763? (5 points) Select one: a. It brought a long period of peace between English colonial settlers and American Indian groups living in the interior of the continent. b. It established a peaceful line of trading posts to encourage commerce between colonists and native residents on both sides of the line. c. It was an attempt to prevent colonial and American Indian border conflicts that failed as people rushed in to claim abandoned lands. d. It generated renewed conflict among native groups of people, some of whom had agreed to the line whereas others had not. Which of the following was true of the growing colonial independence movement? (5 points) Select one: a. The leaders were wealthy landowners, as small farmers were not subject to British taation. b. People from many classes and careers eventually supported it as a fight for their rights as citizens. c. It was begun and carried out mostly by farmers and traders in the West, who struggled with native raids. d. No violence erupted until after British officials and the king refused to hear the colonial petitions. Which of the following documents was the basis for the first government of the United States? (5 points) Select one: a. Common Sense b. The Declaration of Independence c. The Articles of Confederation d. The Constitution The ideas put forth in the ecerpt best eemplify which of the following concepts? (5 points) Select one: a. The cult of domesticity b. Feminism c. Temperance d. Republican motherhood Which of the following is an eample of how the Constitution addressed a flaw of the Articles of Confederation? (5 points) Select one: a. It gave ultimate authority to the state governments so as to prevent any kind of central tyranny. b. It divided the nations into regions that would each have a central authority over a group of states. c. It enabled the national government to collect a small income ta in order to fund the military. d. It created three branches of government to provide for not only making but also enforcing laws. Why did the United States enact the Northwest Ordinance, with regard specifically to admitting new states in the 1780s? (5 points) Select one: a. To relinquish rights to the Mississippi River to Spain b. To manage and support westward migration and the resulting land claims c. To surrender forts in the Appalachian mountains to Britain d. To enforce a proclamation forbidding further trans-Appalachian settlement How was Jay's Treaty controversial and supportive of early political parties, despite George Washington's wishes? (5 points) Select one: a. The treaty restored some of the British territorial claims in echange for military protection. b. The treaty was in effect a violation of the alliance between the United States and France. c. The treaty failed to address impressment but gave preferable treatment to British imports. d. The treaty enforced removal of the British soldiers from the West but offered them citizenship. The ecerpt reflects which fundamental debate that continued through the early 1800s? (5 points) Select one: a. The scope and role of the federal government b. The balance of power between the judiciary and eecutive branches c. The restriction of immigration based on country of origin and religion d. The influence of the wealthy to affect and limit the power of government Which theme from the ecerpt was reflected in American society in the early 1800s? (5 points) Select one: a. Growth of social reform movements despite strong regional resistance b. Growth of Romanticism and its promise of universal equality c. Decline of federal power in light of growing state economic power d. Decline in the number of citizens eligible to vote The cultivation of cotton in the South during the early 1800s contributed to the (5 points) Select one: a. dramatic shifts in agriculture and manufacturing in the mid-19th century b. evolution of farming equipment to slow its production and control economic growth c. abandonment of livestock in preference for using the land to grow more cotton d. decrease in the need for slave laborers in the South due to the influ of indentured laborers Why did most Southern leaders consistently reject tariffs in the pre-Civil War years? (5 points) Select one: a. Their economy relied heavily on foreign imports, which would cost more. b. The policies as written applied not only to foreign countries, but also to states. c. They reduced the demand for agricultural raw materials such as cotton. d. A regional pride was developing that stood in the way of national interests. The Missouri Compromise would appeal to abolitionists because of its goal to (5 points) Select one: a. forbid the use of involuntary servitude as a criminal punishment b. formalize the acceptability of slavery in Missouri and the Louisiana territory c. redefine slavery as indentured servitude for political epediency d. restrain, if not prevent, the spread of slavery into the Louisiana territory What was the main reason Commodore Perry was sent to open trade negotiations with Japan? (5 points) Select one: a. The United States needed ports for their ships to refuel on the route to China. b. The United States was looking for a new market in which to sell cotton. c. Japan had industrial goods that the United States wanted to import. d. Japan had previously offered to join a military alliance with the United States. How were images like this one related to the proslavery argument? (5 points) Select one: a. They were used to show the public how happy slaves were on Southern plantations. b. They were used to show African Americans as childlike and inferior to whites. c. They were used to show the poor conditions in which free blacks lived. d. They were used to show that slaves were free to dress and act how they pleased. How does this map foreshadow events that followed soon after the election? (5 points) Select one: a. Upset that Breckinridge lost, the Southern states who chose him broke off to form their own country with him as the president. b. Angry that Lincoln won without Southern support and fearing he would end slavery, the Deep South quickly seceded in protest. c. With no clear winner, the two candidates with the most votes, Lincoln and Breckinridge, faced each other in a runoff. d. Upset that Lincoln was not on the ballot in the South, the North refused Breckinridge the vice presidency. Based on the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, which of the following actions would Southern states be permitted to take? (5 points) Select one: a. Preventing African Americans from voting in upcoming elections b. Refusing to allow emancipated slaves to migrate to regions in the North c. Forcing African Americans to work for their former owners d. Establishing separate schools for whites and blacks In what way does the Vespucci ecerpt predict the development of the encomienda system in New Spain? (5 points) Select one: a. It connects the moral debate on slavery with Counter-Reformation theory. b. It connects the use of native people for free labor with religious conversion. c. It suggests the conquest of the "New World" was morally unsustainable. d. It undermines the necessary power of the eplorers to shape colonial policy. Upon contact with Europeans, Native American social structures were undermined by (5 points) Select one: a. Native American population losses resulting from disease and eportation b. development of Native American trade goods that proved very popular c. sentimentalized accounts that idealized Native American practices d. development of colonial factions that supported Native American rights Which of the following is an eample of how the Dutch treatment of American Indians differed from Britain's treatment? (5 points) Select one: a. The Dutch had the weakest and most pained relationships with American Indians. b. The Dutch introduced slavery of American Indians and Africans. c. The Dutch saw American Indians as trade partners and allies. d. The Dutch saw American Indians as obstacles to profiting from the new land. Which of the following is an eample of how the French interacted differently than the Dutch in regards to American Indians? (5 points) Select one: a. The French had the best and most enduring relationships with American Indians. b. The French introduced slavery of American Indians and Africans. c. The French saw American Indians as trade partners and allies. d. The French saw American Indians as obstacles to profiting from the new land. In most cases of early conflict between colonizers and American Indians, what was the main goal of the various American Indian groups? (5 points) Select one: a. To force colonists to trade or give up their goods b. To force colonists to assimilate into native society c. To force colonists to threaten enemy tribal areas d. To force colonists to leave and never return The Navigation Acts were indicators to the colonists of the (5 points) Select one: a. mercantilist aims of England b. British policy of salutary neglect c. power of the Dominion of New England d. epansionist goals of England The style of preaching and worship described in the passage was a response to (5 points) Select one: a. heretical teachings b. restrictive rules regarding church membership c. government control of religious behavior d. rationalist thought Which of the following Canadian and Midwestern resources was a great source of conflict among early European settlers as well as American Indians? (5 points) Select one: a. Furs b. Gold c. Cattle d. Fruit Why did the pamphlet Common Sense have such a powerful impact on the American colonists? (5 points) Select one: a. It was clearly written with a direct message that appealed to their pride and hope for the future. b. It upheld the morality and authority of the British king and encouraged people to do their duty. c. It supported independence but generated much more angst as it included an end to slavery. d. It encouraged loyalty but listed reasons that would justify the rebellion that eventually happened. According to this ecerpt, why was the education of women so critical to America? (5 points) Select one: a. Once properly informed, it would be the duty of every woman to vote. b. Women must be made fit to be respectable wives for leaders and diplomats. c. Women raised and taught the boys who would become political leaders. d. Young wives needed training to manage businesses while husbands made laws. Philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment, such as a social contract between people and their government, contributed to the development of a (5 points) Select one: a. belief in the efficiency and impartiality of governments centered on hereditary privilege b. colonial confidence in the effectiveness of republican self-government c. sense of obligation among the majority of colonists to remain loyal to Britain d. strengthened bond between colonial inhabitants and traditional monarchs Despite sentiments obvious in this section of the Northwest Ordinance, policies related to treatment of American Indians during Washington's administration can best be described as (5 points) Select one: a. antagonistic b. inconsistent c. predatory d. supportive Why was slavery more difficult to address in the Southern states in the early years of the republic, even before the invention of the cotton gin? (5 points) Select one: a. The proportion of the population that was enslaved was much higher in Southern states. b. People who spoke out against slavery were driven out of the region through social pressure. c. State laws had slave owners make contracts so it would appear that workers were not captive. d. Most of the early settlers to the region came from cultures where slavery was acceptable. Madison's analysis is most apparent in the early 1800s' development of (5 points) Select one: a. political parties that worked to promote a specific agenda b. issues surrounding the regulation of trade, specifically the slave trade c. distinct cultural regions that reflected European influences d. a uniquely American culture that unified a diverse and conflicted population Where was nativist sentiment strongest, with the greatest potential for violence, in the early to mid 1800s? (5 points) Select one: a. Southern plantations b. Northeastern cities c. Frontier settlements d. National borders The provision within the Missouri Compromise dealing with escaped slaves being reclaimed from free territories by their owners illustrates which of the following? (5 points) Select one: a. A shift toward the acceptance of voluntary servitude in lieu of punishment b. Political pressures and regional differences around the question of slavery c. The guarantee that slave states would not be permitted to join the United States d. Protection from their former owners for escaped slaves living in free states Jefferson's attitude regarding epansion contradicts issues that would engulf parts of new territories as a result of (5 points) Select one: a. conflicts between slave and free states b. immediate applications for statehood c. threats of succession from the new territory d. Northern border disputes with England The ideas epressed in Polk's State of the Union Address most directly support the growing sense of (5 points) Select one: a. acceptance of British and French interference in American politics b. American fears over the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase c. American superiority as it related to Manifest Destiny d. justification for relinquishing British continental holdings Through the Meican-American War that followed soon after these remarks, it is evident that "the people themselves" referred only to (5 points) Select one: a. American Indians b. African Americans c. White Americans d. Hispanic Americans Commodore Matthew Perry negotiated an agreement with which country that had previously been closed to foreign trade for over 200 years? (5 points) Select one: a. China b. Japan c. Singapore d. India How were images like this one used for political gain during the Civil War era? (5 points) Select one: a. They were sold as artwork to raise money for campaigns. b. They were used to reinforce racial stereotypes. c. They were designed to advertise events like debates. d. They were used as propaganda to discredit lawmakers. How does this map illustrate the relationship between the election of 1860 and Southern secession? (5 points) Select one: a. It shows Breckinridge winning in the South just before they seceded and he became the president of the Confederacy. b. It reveals that Bell stole Southern states from Breckinridge, leading to a split between the South and border states. c. It shows that if Douglas hadn't run, Lincoln wouldn't have been president and the South would not have left the union. d. It shows Lincoln winning the election, leading to the South believing they had no say in the government and seceding. How did the issuing of this document change the nature of the Civil War? (5 points) Select one: a. It prompted several states to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy. b. It abolished slavery and ensured freedom for millions of African Americans. c. It altered the Union's purpose from restoring the nation to ending slavery. d. It had little effect on either side since it was issued so close to the end of the war. What role did these documents play in the Civil War? (5 points) Select one: a. The Emancipation Proclamation led to Southern secession, and the states that seceded had to accept the 13th Amendment before rejoining the Union. b. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the purpose of the war to abolishing slavery, and the ratification of the 13th Amendment accomplished that goal. c. The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in theory, but the 13th Amendment was needed before abolition could be enforced. d. The Emancipation Proclamation forced African Americans to enlist in the Union Army, but the 13th Amendment rescinded the order. What was the main effect of the grandfather clauses and literacy tests put in place in the South at the end of the 19th century? (5 points) Select one: a. African American voters were disenfranchised. b. The Republican Party maintained its dominance. c. Emancipated slaves were forced to work on plantations. d. Poor people were ecluded from the political system. In their attitude toward American Indians, the Spanish generally (5 points) Select one: a. confirmed European worldviews of the primitive customs of indigenous peoples b. believed that it was necessary to enslave the indigenous peoples of the Americas in limited circumstances c. recognized that Native American societies had compleities and sophistication before the Europeans' arrival d. disregarded most aspects of Native American societies Which of the following is an eample of how the English interacted differently than the Dutch in regards to American Indians? (5 points) Select one: a. The English had the best and most enduring relationships with American Indians. b. The English introduced slavery of American Indians and Africans. c. The English saw American Indians as trade partners and allies. d. The English saw American Indians as obstacles to profiting from the new land. Which of the following European contributions directly affected the nature of American Indians' own intertribal warfare? (5 points) Select one: a. Value for metals like gold and silver b. Creation and use of firearms c. Ownership of land d. Superior farming techniques The style of preaching and worship described in the passage was a response to (5 points) Select one: a. heretical teachings b. restrictive rules regarding church membership c. government control of religious behavior d. rationalist thought How did the Seven Years' War affect British-colonial relations? (5 points) Select one: a. It enabled a period of cooperation as the colonists were grateful for the continued protection of royal soldiers. b. It bred resentment among the British officials, who felt the colonists were disloyal, ungrateful, and undeserving of further help. c. It reopened colonial trade with distant nations, bringing greater wealth not only to the British trade officials but also to the colonists. d. It generated colonial frustration at new official policies designed to reduce the royal war debt and eert more control. How did the colonial independence movement create internal debate about the nature of the new nation, as mentioned in the ecerpt? (5 points) Select one: a. Most leaders did not see slavery as an issue but rather as an institution that helped support their stated national goals. b. Since some slaves fought in the war, a plan was considered whereby slaves could gain freedom through a period of military service. c. Many leaders saw slavery as incompatible with the stated values of the new government and sought to gradually end the practice. d. Early discussions on slavery considered emancipation only for those who had been highly educated and therefore could be landowners. The ideas put forth in the ecerpt best eemplify the intellectual influence of which of the following? (5 points) Select one: a. Transcendentalism b. The Glorious Revolution c. The Enlightenment d. The First Great Awakening What fear fueled the creation of the Articles of Confederation but also ultimately undermined its success? (5 points) Select one: a. Fear of too much power given to states b. Fear of a powerful central government c. Fear of an inability to fight off invaders d. Fear of too little funding for trade deals Despite sentiments obvious in this section of the Northwest Ordinance, policies related to treatment of American Indians during Washington's administration can best be described as (5 points) Select one: a. antagonistic b. inconsistent c. predatory d. supportive Why was slavery more difficult to address in the Southern states in the early years of the republic, even before the invention of the cotton gin? (5 points) Select one: a. The proportion of the population that was enslaved was much higher in Southern states. b. People who spoke out against slavery were driven out of the region through social pressure. c. State laws had slave owners make contracts so it would appear that workers were not captive. d. Most of the early settlers to the region came from cultures where slavery was acceptable. What argument does Madison make against the Anti-Federalist perspective? (5 points) Select one: a. Attempting to protect the rights of every individual will ultimately undermine effective government. b. The best protection for the rights of individuals is the creation of a strong permanent government. c. Government is designed to protect the needs of the whole society and not those of individuals. d. Dividing the administration and powers of government across states will threaten the nation. Which of the following occurred in American society in the early 1800s? (5 points) Select one: a. Rapid decline of political factions in light of an improving economy b. Increased support for social reform in spite of regional resistance c. Declining political participation as a result of the Enlightenment d. Significant increase in protections for American Indians through new treaties The epansion of cotton farming in the South during the early 1800s was a driving force behind the (5 points) Select one: a. abandonment of livestock in preference for more farming land b. decrease in indentured laborers in favor of slave labor c. railroad epansions of the 19th century d. technological innovations in tetile and manufacturing How did international migration affect regional relationships in the pre-Civil War period? (5 points) Select one: a. Northern state leaders blamed continued Southern slavery for the overcrowded conditions in their own cities. b. The North and South allied over concerns that an increasingly diverse but rural West was giving rights to women and former slaves. c. Most new arrivals were settling in the Northeast or Old Northwest, tying those regions socially and economically. d. As more people headed to the interior, they tended to move to the North or South, decreasing the differences between regions. Which of the following did Jefferson consider the most divisive issue facing the nation? (5 points) Select one: a. Defending new territory b. Organizing new territory c. International migration d. Foreign alliances One effect of the sense of American superiority described in this ecerpt was (5 points) Select one: a. international backlash in the form of renewed hostilities on American soil b. justification of the Meican-American War c. reluctance of the U.S. government to negotiate treaties with Canada d. simplification of the immigration policies of the time After this State of the Union Address, the statement that the anneation of Teas was born of a "choice of the people themselves to share the blessings of our union" was (5 points) Select one: a. countered by devastating conflicts with Hispanics and American Indians b. embraced and set the tone for further peaceful North American epansion c. reviled as a spin of political rhetoric to distract from the imperialistic spread of the republic d. upheld as a model for the idea and implementation of Manifest Destiny Why were there four main candidates in the election shown on the map? (5 points) Select one: a. Both the Democratic and Republican parties became divided over the issue of slavery, and each had two nominees. b. Southern and Northern Democrats could not agree on a cohesive platform or candidate. c. Southern and Northern Republicans split over an argument about the Western territories. d. In addition to the Democratic and Republican parties, there were also two smaller independent parties with candidates. Why did this document have little impact on slaves when it was issued? (5 points) Select one: a. It only applied to areas under Union control, and slaves there had already been freed. b. The military that was supposed to enforce it was busy fighting against Confederate forces. c. It was designed to go into effect only after the end of the war or a considerable waiting period. d. The areas it applied to were still under control of the Confederates, who ignored it. What role did these documents play in the Civil War? (5 points) Select one: a. The Emancipation Proclamation led to Southern secession, and the states that seceded had to accept the 13th Amendment before rejoining the Union. b. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the purpose of the war to abolishing slavery, and the ratification of the 13th Amendment accomplished that goal. c. The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in theory, but the 13th Amendment was needed before abolition could be enforced. d. The Emancipation Proclamation forced African Americans to enlist in the Union Army, but the 13th Amendment rescinded the order. What was the main effect of the Jim Crow system? (5 points) Select one: a. It undermined the civil rights that African Americans had gained during Reconstruction. b. It prevented African Americans from returning to the land they had worked under slavery. c. It increased the number of African Americans serving in Southern legislatures. d. It drove large numbers of African Americans to migrate to new colonies that had been set up in Africa. Which of the following is an eample of how the Spanish interacted differently than the Dutch in regards to American Indians? (5 points) Select one: a. The Spanish had the best and most enduring relationships with American Indians. b. The Spanish introduced slavery of American Indians and Africans. c. The Spanish saw American Indians as trade partners and allies. d. The Spanish saw American Indians as obstacles to profiting from the new land. Which of the following events was a catalyst for Spanish conquistadors to start to tolerate American Indian cultural practices? (5 points) Select one: a. King Philip's War b. The Pueblo Revolt c. The Valladolid Debate d. The Great Awakening The passage describes an eperience that (5 points) Select one: a. led people to reject emotionalism in religious eperience b. resulted in the creation of eclusive, authoritarian, and diverse religious sects c. provoked a division in preaching styles and the founding of new religious schools d. led many people to follow heretical teachings or embrace atheism Which of the following is true of American Indians during the American Revolutionary War? (5 points) Select one: a. They fought on the side of the British, who they believed gave the best potential protection for their lands. b. They fought on the side of the Americans, with whom they already had strong economic relationships. c. They took no part on either side of the war in the hope that Europeans would abandon the continent. d. They took the side, tribe by tribe, that may have been most advantageous to their group's interests. Which of the following was not a reason for the success of the colonial independence movement? (5 points) Select one: a. Lack of people who remained loyal to the king b. Colonial familiarity with the land and people c. Talented and committed military leadership d. Assistance from other European powers What was the impact of early U.S. policies that encouraged westward migration in the early 1800s? (5 points) Select one: a. Large settlements of runaway slaves b. Abandoned settlements in the East c. Many defectors to the Spanish Empire d. Renewed conflict with American Indians Jefferson's letter failed to consider which of the following debates? (5 points) Select one: a. Whether to abolish or epand slavery b. How to handle Spanish acquisitions in the West c. Whether to increase income taes to support the new territories d. How to restructure Congress President Polk's remarks in this address most directly show strong support for which of the following ideas? (5 points) Select one: a. Federalism b. Manifest Destiny c. Compromise d. International alliances Polk's State of the Union Address, although celebratory, was a precursor to (5 points) Select one: a. an altered American Indian culture and erosion of the group's status b. anneation of more city-states east of the Mississippi River, north of the Hudson River c. further disputes with Britain and France over American boundaries d. increased South American epansion in the name of cultural superiority How does this 1835 image titled "Jim Crow" relate to the Civil War era? (5 points) Select one: a. Jim Crow was an African American performer who demonstrated that racist stereotypes were unfounded. b. Jim Crow was a fabled savior of slaves, and many who traveled the Underground Railroad report that he led them through song. c. Jim Crow was an ardent abolitionist who was often caricatured by Southern journalists in an attempt to discredit his work. d. Jim Crow was a character representing African Americans and designed to reinforce racial stereotypes that blacks were inferior. How did these amendments affect African Americans living in the South in the first few decades after the Civil War? (5 points) Select one: a. They did not affect African Americans in the South because the former Confederate states did not ratify the amendments until the early 1900s. b. They gave little protection and few rights to African Americans in the South because many had moved to the North, and there were so few left in the South that they had no political power. c. They caused African Americans to receive some rights and protections during Reconstruction, but they were then circumvented through local laws allowing segregation and disenfranchisement. d. They were largely ignored during the Reconstruction era but then gained support from prominent Southern politicians, some of whom were African American, who ensured they were enforced. 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