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HESI A2 BIOLOGY LATEST 2023 GRADED A

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HESI A2 BIOLOGY LATEST 2023 GRADED A Oxygen requirement ✔✔*Aerobic Respiration*- Yes, always *Anaerobic Respiration*- No, never Waste products ✔✔Aerobic respiration - Carbon dioxide & water Anaerobic respiration - Carbon dioxide and ethanol Efficiency in releasing energy from glucose ✔✔Aerobic respiration - Very efficient ( most of the energy is released from glucose ) Anaerobic respiration - Less efficient ( some energy locked in ethanol not released ) Some energy released as heat ✔✔Aerobic respiration - Yes Anaerobic respiration - Yes, but less than aerobic Plant cells ✔✔Cellulose cell wall surrounds the cell membrane Plant cells ✔✔Plastids are present - especially a green pigment called chlorophyll Plant cells ✔✔Most plants do not exhibit movement of locomotion Plant cells ✔✔Keep growing throughout their life and are localized in the apical meristem Plant cells ✔✔Manufacture their own food by photosynthesis Plant cells ✔✔Sense organs and nervous system absent Animal cells ✔✔Cell wall is absent in animal cells Animal cells ✔✔Chlorophyll is absent in animal cells Animal cells ✔✔Vacuoles are usually absent Animal cells ✔✔Most animals exhibit movement of locomotion Animal cells ✔✔Growth stops after maturation but body cells are replaced periodically. Growth is uniform and proportionate. Animal cells ✔✔Cannot make their own food. They depend directly or indirectly in plants for their food Animal cells ✔✔Well-developed nervous system Muscle cells ✔✔These are usually cylindrical or spindle-shaped. They cause some parts of the body to move by contracting. Epithelial cells ✔✔They form a layer and protect the cells below them from injury. Red blood cells ✔✔These cells which are shaped like disco do not have nucleus. They bring oxygen to different parts of the body. White blood cells ✔✔These cells have a nucleus. They can change their shape. They kill or engulf microorganisms such as bacteria which enter the blood stream. Nerve cells ✔✔These cells are very long. They carry information (impulse) from one part of the body to another. Sperm ✔✔This cell has a long tail which helps it to move about. It can unite with an egg cell (ovum) to form a baby. Ovum (egg cell) ✔✔This is the largest cell in woman's body. It does not move on its own. It develops into a baby if its united with a sperm. Prophase ✔✔*1st step of mitosis* During prophase, the chromosomes are visibly separate and each duplicated chromosome has two noticeable sister chromatids. ( • Prophase: the chromosomes condense ) Prometaphase ✔✔*2nd step of mitosis* In prometaphase, the nuclear envelope begins to disappear and the chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis of the cell. (• Prometaphase: the nuclear envelope disintegr

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