BISC 3221 EXAM 1 REVIEW

BISC 3221 EXAM 1 REVIEW Chapter 2 The Cell  Mitotic rate = longer life expectancy, the slower the mitotic rate  Skeletal muscle cells have most mitochondria bc need E for movement  Glucose and aa = facilitated dif ...

BISC 3221 EXAM 1 REVIEW Chapter 2 The Cell  Mitotic rate = longer life expectancy, the slower the mitotic rate  Skeletal muscle cells have most mitochondria bc need E for movement  Glucose and aa = facilitated diffusion  Cytokinesis begins in LATE ANAPHASE  DNA not dividing is in form chromatin  Strength and rigidty, and anchoring positions of major organelles = microtubules  Endocytosis is an active process, requires E  Connexons associated with gap junctions o BE ABLE TO ID diff types of junctions, what anchors to basement membrane etc  Flagella = microtubules Chapter 5: The Skeletal system – osseous tissue and bone structure; WATCH VIDEO FOR EXAM  Condition aka adult rickets, characterized by a gradual softening and being of bone dues to poor mineralization = osteomalacia  *Bone process is an expanded articular end of the epiphysis, often separated from the diaphysis by a narrower neck = head  Which of following most likely to be a term associated with an articulation point? = trochanter, tubercle, condyle, process  Choose INCORRECT statement regarding age-related skeletal abnormality = administration of calcitionin by nasal spray appears to prevent the development of osteoporosis wrong!! o Vertebrae may collapse due to osteoporosis, distorting the .. is true!  Potassium isn’t a mineral necessary for normal bone growth (need it for muscles)  Bone maintenance and repair = vitamin A, C, and D; most prone to vitamin D deficiencies = people from northern climates  Yellow bone marrow found in the medullary cavity (KNOW DIAGRAM OF BONE w/ MARROW)  Hormones stimulate osteoclasts and osteoblasts = PTH o Know diff between osteoclasts and osteoblasts!  Congenital skeletal disorders results from excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilages = Marfan syndrome  The deposition of calcium salts in tissue other than bone is called calcification.  Not function of periosteum= Site for hematopoiesis  **Which of the following processes is formed where tendons and ligaments attach = trochanter (also know definitions of condyle, trochlea, and sulcus) o know difference between tendons and ligaments = ESSAY QUESTION TO DIFFERENTIATE WHERE THEY ATTACH  Spongy bone resides in the epiphyses and is better equipped to resist forces from many directions. o Ball and socket joints .. not good to kick at shin from front bc shatters or breaks Vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity  Bone opening represents a rounded passageway fro blood vessels and nerves = foramen  Osteocytes are mature bone cells  Replacing embryonic tissues with bone = ossification  Pituitary dwarfism results from inadequate production of GH before puberty  If both parents have achondroplasia, which of the following statements is TRUE? o Changes are that 50 percent of the children will be affected to some degree.  Which of the following is the clinical term for an infection of bone and bone marrow = osteomyelitis  GH and thyroxine are hormones that stimulate bone growth  Fracture occurs when an affected area is shattered into a multitude of bony fragments = comminuted fracture – caused by excessive force and trauma not like a slide tackle in soccer;KNOW THE COMMON ONES  Small. Flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull = sutural bones  Essay type question of endochondral ossification; 3, 5, 2, 6, 4, 1 Chapter 3 Tissues and Early Embryology  Where they would be found, type of structures, where to find cilia (COLUMNAR, have goblet cells interspaced) vs microvilli  Which tissue formed by differentiation of embryonic connective tissue = loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue  Stratified squamous epithelium keratinized = palmar skin (palmar = on palm)  Dense connective tissue attaches skeletal muscle to bones or cartilage = tendons (KNOW TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS)  Membrane that surrounds abdomen and covers surfaces of enclosed organs = peritoneum  Regarding fluid connective tissue, which bathes the body’s cells = interstitial fluid  Type of membrane lines body cavities that lack openings, thus minimizing friction between opposing surfaces = serous; not synovial bc more of a joint  Pleuritis, pericarditis, and peritonitis are inflammatory conditions affecting SEROUS MEMBRANES  Connective tissues do not produce specialized secretions  Functions to distribute oxygen and nutrients, cushions socks, and lubricate cartilages within the joint = synovial membrane  Cardiac muscle = branched, striated, and uninucleate  Lumen = a hollow duct that is formed by the lining of cuboidal cells  **Loose connective tissue separates skin form deeper structures allowing elasticity that provides independent movement = areolar tissue  laying down matrix of bone = osteoblasts  know cellularity, polarity, avascular for epithelial  membrane forms barrier that resist pathogens by secreting = mucous membrane -- > know where found  tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments = dense tissue Chapter 8: Articulations  *Articulation between the femur and the tibia = diarthorsis NOT Characteristic of synovial joints = in a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, allows slight movement no bc synovial allows large range of motion  Movement of foot allows for standing on tiptoe = plantar flexion (KNOW ALL THOSE TERMS)  Type of movement NOT possible at the radiocarpal joint = rotation  The vertebral column can do all of the following movements except: rotation, flexion, extension, medial flexion  know diff between spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis  KNOW SPINAL COLUMN for other examshow many vertebrae you have, diff segments, and knowing their numbers  know did between spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis  Bursae:: small, fluid-filled pockets that  Synovial joints move(s) in rotation == ball-and-socket joint and pivot joint  Which bone is medial after pronation? = radius  The sternoclavicular joint is capable of which of the following movements?  slight circumduction and gliding  MANDIBLE, SHOULDER, KNEE  know in detail!!  Why is the TMJ unique compared to other synovial joints o The articulating surfaces on the temporal bone and mandible are covered with fibrous cartilage  Which of the following is an angular motion where the joint moves away from the longitudinal axis on a frontal bone = abduction  What determines the amount of movement at any segment of the vertebral column = intervertebral discs  Articulation between bones and skull = suture  Which classification of articulation is represented by the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula = amphiathrosis  What time of articulation is present between facets of vertebra C2-S1 = symphysis SHORT ANSWER 1. Whats the significance of the orientation of the trabecular in spongy bone? Provide a specific example, discussing how trabecular structure leads to its function(s).  The trabeculae of spongy bone form an open network, creating strength to deal with stress from the side. Trabeculae are oriented along the stress lines, which makes spongy bone capable of resisting stresses applied from many different directions. For example, at the proximal epiphysis, the trabeculae transfer forces from the hip across the metaphysis to the femoral shaft. 2. What is the clinical importance of tension lines/cleavage lines of the skin?  Tension lines reflect the parallel orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis. In certain areas of the body, there is a pattern of these tension/cleavage lines due to stress or a specific type of movement; they are aligned to resist applied forces. To reduce scar formation (extensive damage to the fibers), surgeons try to cut parallel to tension lines. 3. What are the main structural differences between cartilage and bone? Most bones during formation start out as cartilage tissue. Cartilage is soft elastic and flexible while bone is hard, inelastic, and tough. The gel matrix of cartilage is composed chondroitin sulfate, whereas the solid matrix of bone is composed of calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapaptite). Cartilage cells are chondrocytes, whereas bone cells are osteocytes. Cartilage is avascular, bone is vascular; tis makes sense because bones require oxygen and nutrients unlike cartilage. Cartilage surface consisits of fibrous perichondrium, while bone surfaces consists of periosteum. SHORT ESSAY 1. How does melanin protect the skin from the effects of UV light?  Melanin are produced and stored within melanocytes; its production creates natural skin color and tan. In response to exposure to UV light, melanocytes increase the rate of melanin formation. Protective because melanin absorbs UV radiation. A little UV radiation is necessary bc skin requires it to form vitamin D, but too much UV radiation may damage chromosomes and cause widespread tissue damage similar to that caused by mild to moderate burns. 2. What kind of tissue(s) would most likely be found in a tissue sample taken from the interior of the epiphysis of the femur?  Spongy bone makes up the internal framework of the epiphyses of the femur. Also extensive areas of red bone marrow (important sites of blood cell formation) filling in the spaces of the spongy bone. 3. Why is skeletal muscle called striated voluntary muscle?  Striated bc have a striped appearance under the microscope; distinct series of alternating light/dark bands perpendicular to long axis  Voluntary control  Striated refers to a banded appearance, and voluntary means the fiber won't contract unless stimulated by neurons. 4. Predict the consequences of non-functional cilia in the respiratory airways.  Found lining the respiratory tract  Ciliated epithelium moves substances over the apical surface and beat in coordinated fashion to move mucus from lungs toward throat  Mucus traps particles and pathogens and carries them away from lungs  Mucus would still be present, but would linger in the respiratory tract, person will cough  Mucous accumulate 5. What is the basic anatomical pattern that humans and other vertebrate share?6. What are the components of a synovial joint?  Six basic characteristics: o A joint capsule = has outer layer of thick, dense, regularly arranged connective tissue and inner synovial membrane o Presence of articular cartilages = cover bony surfaces (shock absorber and reduce friction) o Filled with synovial fluid o A synovial membrane o Accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bursae) o Sensory nerves and blood vessels (blood vessels supply the exterior and interior of the joint) 7. Why do human beings lose height as they reach old age? Might: Difference between tendons and ligaments  Tendons and ligaments are both types of dense regular connective tissue  Tendons: connect muscle to bone; collagen fibers run along longitudinal axis of the tendon and transfer the pull of contracting muscle to the bone or cartilage  Ligaments: connect bone to bone o Elastic ligaments: contain elastic fibers allowing for a modest amount of stretching