CH 14 - Multicriteria Decisions. Questions and Answers

/ 1. Objectives in multicriteria problems seldom conflict. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Refle ...

/ 1. Objectives in multicriteria problems seldom conflict. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 2. Target values will never be met precisely in a goal programming problem. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 3. Goal equations consist of a function that defines goal achievement and deviation variables that measure the distance from the target. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 4. In a goal programming model, there can only be one goal at each priority level. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 5. To solve a goal programming problem with preemptive priorities, successive linear programming programs, with an adjustment to the objective function and an additional constraint, must be solved. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 6. If a problem has multiple goals at different priority levels, then it is rare that all the goals will be achieved with existing resources. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.02 - 14.2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.2 Goal Programming: Solving More Complex Problems KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 7. For a scoring model, the decision maker evaluates each decision alternative by considering the weight or importance of each criterion. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.03 - 14.3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.3 Scoring Models KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 8. In goal programming, deviation variables allow for the possibility of not meeting the target value exactly. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 9. An item's priority reveals how it compares to its competitors on a specific criterion. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.06 - 14.6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.6 Using AHP to Develop an Overall Priority Ranking KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 10. The priority matrix shows the priority for each item on each criterion. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.05 - 14.5 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.5 Establishing Priorities Using AHP KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 11. One limitation of a scoring model is that it uses arbitrary weights that do not necessarily reflect the preferences of the individual decision maker. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.03 - 14.3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.3 Scoring Models KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 12. A consistency ratio greater than 0.10 indicates inconsistency in the pairwise comparisons. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.05 - 14.5 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.5 Establishing Priorities Using AHP KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 13. Requiring a decision maker to provide judgments about the relative importance of each criterion and then specifying a preference for each decision alternative using each criterion is the purpose of the analytic hierarchy process. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.04 - 14.4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.4 Analytic Hierarchy Process KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 14. The goal programming approach can be used when an analyst is confronted with an infeasible solution to an ordinary linear program. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.02 - 14.2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.2 Goal Programming: Solving More Complex Problems KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 15. A problem involving only one priority level is not considered a goal programming problem. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.02 - 14.2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.2 Goal Programming: Solving More Complex Problems KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 16. AHP allows a decision maker to express personal preferences about the various aspects of a multicriteria problem. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.04 - 14.4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.4 Analytic Hierarchy Process KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 17. Goal priorities are referred to as preemptive priorities because the satisfaction of a higher level goal cannot be traded for the satisfaction of a lower level goal. a. b. : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember Multiple Choice 18. A decision with more than one objective a. cannot have an optimal solution. b. requires the decision maker to place the objectives in some order of importance. c. depends on the probability of satisfying each objective. d. should be decomposed into a separate model for each objective. : b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 19. The objective function in a goal programming model calls for minimizing a function of the a. goal variables. b. target variables. c. deviation variables. d. preemptive variables. : c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 20. Preemptive priorities in goal programming a. show the target values for the problem. b. prevent sacrifice of a priority level goal to satisfy a lower level one. c. force the problem to be a standard linear program. d. limit deviations to d− only. : b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 21. Deviation variables that occur in the objective function a. indicate the targets. b. indicate the priorities. c. allow for the possibility of not meeting the target value exactly. d. identify the difference between all actual and target values. : c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 22. The variable d− measures the amount a. over the target and is similar to a slack. b. less than the target and is similar to a slack. c. less than the target and is similar to a surplus. d. under the target and is similar to a surplus. : b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 23. The constraint 5x1 + 3x2 ≤ 150 is modified to become a goal equation, and priority one is to avoid overutilization. Which of the following is appropriate? a. Min P1d1− ; 5x1 + 3x2 + d1− − d1+ = 150 b. Min P1d1+ ; 5x1 + 3x2 + d1− − d1+ = 150 c. Min P1d1+ ; 5x1 + 3x2 + d1+ = 150 d. Min P1d1+ ; 5x1 + 3x2 − d1+ = 150 : b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Challenging LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyze 24. The goal programming problem with the objective function Min P1(d1+) + P2(d2−) is initially solved by the computer and the objective function value is 0. Which of the following constraints should be added for the second problem? a. d1+ = 0 b. d1+ + d2− = 0 c. −d1+ + d2− = 0 d. d1+ ≤ 0 : a POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Challenging LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyze 25. A required step in the analytic hierarchy process is to determine a. the goals to be satisfied. b. the expected value of the criteria. c. the relative importance of the criteria themselves. d. how many hierarchies to use. : c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.04 - 14.4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.4 Analytic Hierarchy Process KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 26. Pairwise comparisons are used to a. compare criteria in terms of the overall goal. b. compare choices on each criterion. c. compare criteria in terms of the overall goal and compare choices on each criterion. d. None of these are correct. : c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.05 - 14.5 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.5 Establishing Priorities Using AHP KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 27. The overall priorities for decision alternatives a. are the sum of the products of the criterion priority times the priority of the decision alternative with respect to that criterion. b. sum to 1. c. indicate what choice is preferred, but do not force that choice to be made. d. All of these are correct. : d POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.06 - 14.6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.6 Using AHP to Develop an Overall Priority Ranking KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 28. The steps of the scoring model include all of the following EXCEPT a. list the decision-making criteria and assign a weight to each. b. develop a pairwise comparison matrix for each criterion. c. rate how well each decision alternative satisfies each criterion. d. compute the total score for each decision alternative. : b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.03 - 14.3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.3 Scoring Models KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 29. Goal programming with preemptive priorities never permits trade-offs between a. goals with the same priority level and the same weights. b. goals with different priority levels. c. goals with the same priority level and different weights. d. any goals. : b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 30. Inconsistency in pairwise judgments is indicated by a consistency ratio that is a. less than 0. b. greater than 0.10. c. greater than 0.50. d. greater than 1.00. : b POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Easy LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.05 - 14.5 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.5 Establishing Priorities Using AHP KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember 31. When using a linear programming approach to solving a goal programming problem, a linear program must be solved for each a. goal. b. pair of deviation variables. c. priority level. d. pairwise comparison. : c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand 32. Computing the consistency ratio for a criterion's pairwise comparison matrix is the next step after a. developing the criterion's pairwise comparison matrix. b. converting the criterion's pairwise comparison matrix to a normalized matrix. c. developing the criterion's priority vector. d. developing the overall priority vector. : c POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.05 - 14.5 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking TOPICS: 14.5 Establishing Priorities Using AHP KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand Subjective Short 33. Solve the following problem graphically: Min P1(d1+) + P2(d2−) s.t. 3x1 + 5x2 ≤ 45 3x1 + 2x2 − d1+ + d1− = 24 x1 + x2 − d2+ + d2− = 10 x1, x2, d1−, d1+, d2−, d2+ ≥ 0 : POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Challenging LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.01 - 14.1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: 14.1 Goal Programming: Formulation and Graphical Solution KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate 34. Lofton Company has developed the following linear programming problem: Max x1 + x2 s.t. 2x1 + x2 ≤ 10 2x1 + 3x2 ≤ 24 3x1 + 4x2 ≥ 36 Lofton finds this problem is infeasible. In revision, Lofton drops the original objective and establishes three goals. Goal 1: Don't exceed 10 in constraint 1. Goal 2: Don't fall short of 36 in constraint 3. Goal 3: Don't exceed 24 in constraint 2. Give the goal programming model and solve it graphically. 35. An ATM is to be located in a campus union building so that it minimizes the distance from the food court, the gift shop, and the theater. They are located at coordinates (2, 2), (0, 6), and (8, 0). Develop a goal programming model to locate the best place for the ATM. 36. As treasurer of the school PTA, you chair the committee that decides how the $20,000 raised by candy sales will be spent. Four kinds of projects have been proposed, and facts on each are shown below. Project Number Requested Unit Cost Volunteers Needed (Person-Days, Each) Basketball goals 12 $400 2 Encyclopedia sets 5 750 0 Field trips 6 300 3 Computer stations 20 800 0.5 Develop a goal programming model that would represent these goals and priorities. Priority 1 Goal 1 Spend the entire $20,000. Goal 2 Do not use more than 50 person-days of volunteer time. Priority 2 Goal 3 Provide at least as many encyclopedias and computers as requested. Goal 4 Provide at least as many field trips as requested. Goal 5 Do not provide any more basketball goals than requested. 37. Rosie's Ribs is in need of an office management software package. After considerable research, Rosie has narrowed her choice to one of three packages: N-able, VersaSuite, and SoftTrack. She has determined her decision-making criteria, assigned a weight to each criterion, and rated how well each alternative satisfies each criterion. Decision Alternatives Criterion Weight N-Able VersaSuite SoftTrack Ease of use 4 3 5 8 Report generation 3 8 7 6 Functional integration 5 5 8 6 Online help 3 8 6 4 Entry error checking 2 8 3 4 Price 4 4 7 5 Support cost 3 6 5 7 Using a scoring model, determine the recommended software package for Rosie's. : N-Able = 135, VersaSuite = 148, SoftTrack = 141 POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Challenging LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.14.03 - 14.3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: 14.3 Scoring Models KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate 38. A consumer group is using AHP to compare four used car models. Part of the pairwise comparison matrix for "repair frequency" is shown below. a. Complete the matrix. b. Does it seem to be consistent? Repair Frequency Model A Model B Model C Model D Model A 1 5 1/6 Model B 1/5 1 1/2 Model C 1/4 1/3 1 Model D 1/4 1 39. A computer company looking for a new location for a plant has determined three criteria to use to rate cities. Pairwise comparisons are given. Recreation Opportunities Proximity to University Cost of Living Recreation opportunities 1 1/3 1/5 Proximity to university 3 1 1/4 Cost of living 5 4 1 Determine priorities for the three relative to the overall location goal. 40. In an AHP problem, the priorities for three criteria are as follows: Criterion 1 0.1722 Criterion 2 0.1901 Criterion 3 0.6377 The priority matrix is as follows Criterion 1 Criterion 2 Criterion 3 Choice 1 0.425 0.292 0.850 Choice 2 0.330 0.251 0.105 Choice 3 0.245 0.457 0.045 Compute the overall priority for each choice. 41. Like many high school seniors, Anne has several universities to consider when making her final college choice. To assist in her decision, she has decided to use AHP to develop a ranking for school R, school P, and school M. The schools will be evaluated on five criteria, and Anne's pairwise comparison matrix for the criteria is shown below. Distance Program Size Campus Climate Cost Distance 1 1/4 2 3 4 Program 4 1 4 5 6 Size 1/2 1/4 1 3 3 Climate 1/3 1/5 1/3 1 2 Cost 1/4 1/6 1/3 1/2 1 The universities' pairwise comparisons on the criteria are shown below. Distance R P M R 1 2 3 P 1/2 1 3/2 M 1/3 2/3 1 Programs R P M R 1 1/2 1 P 2 1 2 M 1 1/2 1 Size R P M R 1 4 2 P 1/4 1 1/2 M 1/2 2 1 Climate R P M R 1 1 3 P 1 1 3 M 1/3 1/3 1 Cost R P M R 1 1/5 1 P 5 1 5 M 1 1/5 1 a. What is the overall ranking of the five criteria? b. What is the overall ranking of the three universities? 42. John Harris is interested in purchasing a new Harley-Davidson motorcycle. He has narrowed his choice to one of three models: Sportster Classic, Heritage Softtail, and Electra Glide. After much consideration, John has determined his decision-making criteria, assigned a weight to each criterion, and rated how well each decision alternative satisfies each criterion. Decision Alternative Criterion Weight Sportster Classic Heritage Softtail Electra Glide Wind protection 5 3 6 8 Fuel tank capacity 3 5 7 6 Passenger comfort 2 5 6 8 Seat height 3 8 5 6 Acceleration 4 8 5 3 Vehicle weight 3 8 6 3 Storage capacity 3 4 5 8 Using a scoring model, determine the recommended motorcycle model for John. 43. The campaign headquarters of Jerry Black, a candidate for the board of supervisors, has 100 volunteers. With one week to go in the election, three major strategies are remaining: media advertising, door-to-door canvassing, and telephone campaigning. Each phone call is estimated to take approximately four minutes and each door-to-door personal contact will average seven minutes. These times include time between contacts for breaks, transportation, dialing, etc. Volunteers who work on advertising will not be able to handle any other duties. Each ad will utilize the talents of three workers for the entire week. Volunteers are expected to work 12 hours per day during the final seven days of the campaign. At a minimum, Jerry Black feels he needs 30,000 phone contacts, 20,000 personal contacts, and three advertisements during the last week. However, he would like to see 50,000 phone contacts and 50,000 personal contacts made and five advertisements developed. Advertising is believed to be 50 times as important as personal contacts, which in turn are twice as important as phone contacts. Formulate this goal programming problem with a single weighted priority to determine how the work should be distributed during the final week of the campaign.