South University: ADV NUR PR NSG5003 S0midterm to study. 100% Answers.

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ADV NUR PR NSG5003 S0midterm to study Terms in this set (80) What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide? It increases capillary permeability and causes pain. It increases neutrophil chemotaxi... s and platelet aggregation. It causes smooth muscle contraction and fever. It decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation. It decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation. 1. Stress-age syndrome directly results in the depressed function of which system? Respiratory Endocrine Digestive Immune Immune Which predominantly female valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and is thought to be associated with connective tissue disease? Mitral valve prolapse Tricuspid stenosis Tricuspid valve prolapse Aortic insufficiency Mitral valve prolapse Sitting up in a forward-leaning position generally relieves which breathing disorder? Hyperpnea Orthopnea Apnea Dyspnea on exertion Orthopnea . Which intracardiac pressure is generated by atrial contraction? A wave C wave Y descent X descent A wave Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? CD4 helper T 1 (Th1) lymphocytes CD4 helper T 2 (Th2) lymphocytes CD8 cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes Memory T lymphocytes CD4 helper T 2 (Th2) lymphocytes Occlusion of the left anterior descending artery during a myocardial infarction (MI) would interrupt blood supply to which structures? Left and right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum Left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle Upper-right ventricle, right marginal branch, and right ventricle to the apex Posterior interventricular sulcus and the smaller branches of both ventricles Left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute inflammation Immunoglobulin E (IgE), which defends the body against parasites Immunoglobulin E (IgE), which defends the body against parasites Which statement is believed to be true concerning helper T 2 (Th2) cells? Th2 cells are induced by antigens derived from allergens. They are induced by antigens derived from cancer cells. Th2 cells produce IL-2, tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β), and Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Th2 cells assist in the development of cell-mediated immunity. Th2 cells are induced by antigens derived from allergens Which statement is true regarding ventilation? Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia. Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. Hyperventilation results in an increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2). Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. Which cell has a role in developing cell-mediated immunity? Helper T 1 (Th1) CD4 CD8 Helper T 2 (Th2) Helper T 1 (Th1) Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to: Lipids Ribosomes Amphipathic lipids Receptors Receptors Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which process? Inflammation Occlusion Distention Sclerosis Distention Which criterion is used to confirm a diagnosis of asthma in an eight-year-old child? Parental history of asthma Serum testing that confirms increased immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil levels Reduced expiratory flow rates confirmed by spirometry testing Improvement on a trial of asthma medication Reduced expiratory flow rates confirmed by spirometry testing Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells? They lie on their left sides. They perform the Valsalva maneuver. They squat. They hyperventilate They squat. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away Paracrine Autocrine Neurotransmitter Hormonal Hormonal When a mucous gland cell creates a new substance from previously absorbed material, this process is known as which specialized cellular function? Excretion Metabolic absorption Reproduction Secretion Secretion Which statement is true regarding hypoxemia? Hypoxemia results in the increased oxygenation of arterial blood. Respiratory alterations cause hypoxemia. Hypoxemia results in the decreased oxygenation of tissue cells. Various system changes cause hypoxemia Respiratory alterations cause hypoxemia. Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when the circulating blood volume is reduced? Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Aldosterone Renin Renin During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because: Potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related. The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. The osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane. Oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell. The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. Passive transport is best described by which of the following statements? It is driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion. It involves receptors that can bind with substances being transported. It refers to being capable of transporting macromolecules. It requires energy generated by the cell It is driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Potassium gates open and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potential from positive to negative. Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. In a type III hypersensitivity reaction, the harmful effects after the immune complexes are deposited in tissues are a result of: Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells Natural killer (NK) cells Complement activation Degranulation of mast cells Complement activation Blood transfusion reactions are an example of: Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Homoimmunity Hypersensitivity Alloimmunity Which receptors are located in the smooth muscles of airways? Central chemoreceptors Stretch receptors Peripheral chemoreceptors J-receptors Stretch receptors Which statement is true regarding maternal antibodies provided to the neonate? The antibodies enter into the fetal circulation by means of active transport. The antibodies are transferred to the fetus via the lymphatic system. The antibodies are directly related to the mother's nutritional intake. The antibodies reach protective levels after approximately six months of age. The antibodies enter into the fetal circulation by means of active transport. Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen Size Foreignness Complexity Quantity Foreignness The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called: Dysplasia Pathologic dysplasia Hyperplasia Pathologic hyperplasia Pathologic hyperplasia Which statement about exotoxins is true? Exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria. Exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation cascades. Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth. Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth. What is the first stage in the infectious process? Invasion Colonization Spread Multiplication Colonization Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia Hypocalcemia Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases? Cardiac and vascular disorders Autoimmune and malignant disorders Gastrointestinal and renal disorders Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders Autoimmune and malignant disorders Vaccinations are able to provide protection against certain microorganisms because of the: Strong response from IgM Level of protection provided by immunoglobulin G (IgG) Memory cells for immunoglobulin E (IgE) Rapid response from immunoglobulin A (IgA) Level of protection provided by immunoglobulin G (IgG) The fluid mosaic model explains: How a cell membrane functions Why our bodies appear to be solid How tissue is differentiated How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments During which phase of the cell cycle is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized? G1 S G2 M S A person with type O blood is considered to be a universal blood donor because type O blood contains No antigens No antibodies Both A and B antigens Both A and B antibodies No antigens Which option shows the correct sequence of events after atelectasis develops in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? Increased pulmonary vascular resistance, atelectasis, and hypoperfusion Hypoxic vasoconstriction and right-to-left shunt hypoperfusion Respiratory acidosis, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia Right-to-left shunt, hypoxic vasoconstriction, and hypoperfusion Hypoxic vasoconstriction and right-to-left shunt hypoperfusion Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? Fourth and seventh weeks Eighth and tenth weeks Twelfth and fourteenth weeks Fifteenth and seventeenth weeks Fourth and seventh weeks Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages? Complement cascade Coagulation system Kinin system Immune system Complement cascade Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by: Competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted Binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen Destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen Removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen Competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in cell metastasis? To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells Terms in this set (119) What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise? A) Acoustic trauma and noise induced B) high frequency and low frequency C) high frequency and acoustic trama D) noise induced and low frequency Ans: A- acoustic trauma and noise induced A hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called: A) hemolytic shosh B) anaphylaxis C) necrotizing vasculitis D) systemic erythematosus Ans: B- anaphylaxis Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells? A) IL-1 B) IL-10 C) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) D) interferon-alpha (IFN-a) Ans: D- interferon-a Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? A) CD4 helper T1 (Th1) lymphocytes B) CD4 helper T2 (Th2) lymphocytes C) CD8 cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes D) memory T lymphocytes Ans: B- CD4 helper T2 (Th2) lymphocytes Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? A) the circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues B) complement and chemotaxis are deficient C) underlying chronic illnesses exist D) the number of mast cells is insufficient Ans: C- underlying chronic illnesses exist The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is that they: A) provide growth factor for tissue growth and development B) block the progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle C) restrain cell growth and development D) provide nutrients for cell growth and development Ans: A- provide growth factor for tissue growth and development Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen? A) size B) foreignness C) complexity D) quantity Ans: B- foreignness How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them? A) through the protein channel (gap junction) B) via the plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors) C) through hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters D) by chemical messengers such as ligands Ans: D- by chemical messengers such as ligands In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: A) basal cell B) target cell C) caretaker gene D) proto-oncogene Ans: D- proto-oncogene What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? A) immature immune system B) small alveoli C) surfactant deficiency D) anemia Ans: C- surfactant deficiency Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away? A) paracrine B) autocrine C) neurotransmitter D) hormonal Ans: D- hormonal Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages? A) complement cascade B) coagulation system C) kinin system D) immune system Ans: A- complement cascade In a type III hypersensitivity reaction, the harmful effects after the immune complexes are deposited in tissues are a result of: A) cytotoxic T (Tc) cells B) natural killer (NK) cells C) complement activation D) degranulation of mast cells Ans: C- complement activation Which statement about exotoxins is true? A) exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria B) exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria C) exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation cascades D) exotoxins are released during bacterial growth Ans: D- exotoxins are released during bacterial growth Which intracardiac pressure is genreated by atrial contraction? A) A wave B) C wave C) Y descent D) X descent Ans: A- A wave Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of: A) liver cancer B) endometrial cancer C) stomach cancer D) colon cancer Ans: D- colon cancer Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of: A) losses or diminshed productionof plasma albumin B) inflammation resulting from an immune response C) blockage within the lymphatic channel system D) sodium and water retention Ans: D- sodium and water retention What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia? A) hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised B) skeletal muscle cells atrophy as a result of paralysis C) the heart muscle enlarges as a result of hypertension D) the size of the uterus increases during pregnancy Ans: A- hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised Which factor contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis? A) airway injury B) pulmonary infection C) increased goblet cell size D) bronchospasms Ans: C- increased goblet cell size During which phase of the cell cycle is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized? A) G1 B) S C) G2 D) M Ans: B- S What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? A) hypoxic injury B) chemical injury C) infectious injury D) genetic injury Ans: A- hypoxic injury Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by: A) endogenous pyrogens acting direclty on the hypothalamus B) exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus C) immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus D) cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus Ans: A- endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus Which statement is true regarding hypoxemia? A) hypoxemia results in the increased oxygenation of arterial blood B) respiratory alterations cause hypoxemia C) hypoemia results in the decreased oxygenation of tissue cells D) various system changes cause hypoxemia Ans: B- respiratory alterations cause hypoxemia Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response? A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Ans: A- norepinephrine After the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated, the resulting impulse is transmitted from the carotid artery by which sequence of events? Ans: from the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve, through the vagus nerve, to the medulla, to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sytmpathetic activity Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms? Ans: bacteria Which T cells control or limit the immune response to protect the host's own tissues against autoimmune response? Ans: regulatory T cells Diagnostic blood work on individuals who perceive themselves to be in a chronic stress states will likely demonstrate: Ans: decreased cytotoxic T (Tc) cells Active transport occurs across which type of membranes? Ans: membranes that have receptors capable of binding with the substances to be transported Air passage among alveoli is collateral and evenly distributed because of the function of which structures? Ans: pores of Kohn What enables electrical impulses to travel in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion in myocardial cells? Ans: intercalated disks The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer? Ans: cervical Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which process? Ans: occlusion What medical term is used for a condition that results from pulmonary hypertension, creating chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle? Ans: Cor Pulmonale Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage inthe development of colon cancer? Ans: an accumulation of mutation in specific genes is required for the development of cancer Hypersensitivity is best defined as: Ans: an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? Ans: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma? Ans: an obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, chronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? Ans: fourth and seventh weeks Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by epithelialization? Ans: normal saline Which risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) because of its relationship with the alteration of hepatic lipoprotein? Ans: diabetes mellitus Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: Ans: is often the result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals When are childhood cancers most often diagnosed? Ans: at peak times of physical growth The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells? Ans: connective tissue cells How does the aging process of the T-cell activity affect older adults? Ans: tendency to develop various infections Which statement is true about phagocytosis? Ans: phagocytosis involves the ingestion of bacteria At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because: Ans: the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? Ans: oxidative phosphorylation What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? Ans: atelectasis What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? Ans: hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water Which arterial pH will initiate the formation of ammonioum (NH4) from ammonia (NH3), referred to as acidemia, in the tubular lumen of the kidney? Ans: 7.25 It is true that natriuretic peptides: Ans: decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion Interferon-alpha (IFN-a) is secreted from which cells? Ans: macrophages Which class of immunoglobulins form is hemagglutinin? Ans: IgM What is the skin-related health risk induced by some types of chemotherapy? Ans: infection Which statement is true for the process of cellular reproduction? Ans: two diploid cells, called daughter cells, have been formed The action of which hormone helps explain increases in affective anxiety and eating disorders, mood cycles, and vulnerability to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in women as a result of stimulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene promoter and the central norepinephrine system? Ans: estrogen What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension? Ans: ischemia of the tubule The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by: Ans: endogenous pyrogens The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? Ans: PTH, calcitonin, and vitamin D What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes? Ans: B- depression of T-cell functions and enhancement of B-cell functions Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed the pressure in which structure before the left ventricle can eject blood? Ans: B- aorta Which predominantly female valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant ingeritance pattern and is thought to be associated iwth connective tissue disease? Ans: A- mitral valve prolapse What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis? Ans: C- deficit of IL-10 and an excess if IL-1, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) What is the consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? Ans: A- enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halthing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of: Ans: B- nitrogen Reflex control of total cardiac output and total peripheral resistance is controlled by what mechanism? Ans: C- autonomic control of the heart only Which statement is likely true regarding children being treated for cancer with radiation therapy? Ans: D- they are at increased risk for developing adult cancers The right lymphatic duct drains into which structure? Ans: C- right subclavian vein What are characteristics of benign tumors? Ans: benign tumors include the suffix -oma In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release: Ans: B- histamines, which limit the effects of histamine during acute inflammation What occurs during exocytosis? Ans: A- macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes What organic compounds facilitate transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, trnsport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? Ans: C- proteins What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma? Ans: B the tumor-suppressor gene is turned off Which disease is an example of a rickettsial infection? Ans: D- Rocky Mountain spotted fever Which statement is true about a eukaryotic cell? Ans: B- it contains compartments called organelles What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Ans: B- sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and free fatty acids? Ans: C- cortisol Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar cilitated epithelial cells of the bronchila lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? Ans: B- metaplasia What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production What is the initial manifestation of aortic coarctation observed in a neonate? Ans: A- congestive heart failure (CHF) Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response? Ans: D- IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which disease? Ans: A- cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension andischemic heart disease Which is an example of an endogenous antigen? Ans: B- cancer cells What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? Ans: B- increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoprotiens The fluid mosaic model explains: Ans: A- how a cell membrane functions The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is: Ans: A- bones Which function of the cardiovascular system is often affected by ischemia? Ans: A- cardiac output Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported? Ans: B- mediated Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Ans: C- hypocalcemia When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absen breath sounds? Ans: B- right lung Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of: Ans: A- iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream How should the nurse reply when parent question why a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head was not ordered for their five-year-old child after a minor fall? Ans: D- research suggests that repeated CT scans can increase the risk of developing brain cancer In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell. What mechanism occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins. During a IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is a result of which receptor action? Histamine bound to H2 What is the mechanism that results in the type II hypersensitivity reactions? Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. Type III hypersensitivity reaction are a result of which of the following? Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes being deposited in the tissues. Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cause of which disease? Systemic lupus erythematosus Why does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after organ transplantation? Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. Oncogenes are capable of Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when the patient is lying down. These clinical manifestations describe: Acute pericarditis Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism? decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis Pulmonary disorder involving abnormal expression of protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts and vas deferns What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis A deficit of IL-10, IL-8, and TNF-a Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces? hydrostatic pressure venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure? capillary hydrostatic at the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space interstitial space because: The capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. Secretion of ADH and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n) An increase in plasma osmolality Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by: Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by; binding to hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby, whereas epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture hemosiderosis results in what substance being stored in excess as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues? Iron What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells? Liquefactive In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of nitrogen what is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide? It decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication? Laryngospasms Terms in this set (63) Acoustic trauma and noise-induced hearing loss is associated with what? noise A hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called what? Anaphylaxis Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells? Interferon-alpha (IFN-a) Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? CD4 helper T2 lymphocytes Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? Underlying chronic illess exist The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is that they: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen? Foreignness How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them? By chemical messengers such as ligands In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: Proto-oncogene What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? Surfactant deficiency Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away? Hormonal Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages? Complement cascade In a type III hypersensitivity reaction, the harmful effects after the immune complexes are deposited in tissue are a result of: Complement activation Which statement about exotoxins is true? Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth Which intracardiac pressure is generated by atrial contraction? A wave Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of: colon cancer Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of: Sodium and water retention What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia? Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised Which factor contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis? Increased goblet cell size During which phase of the cell cycle is deoxyribonucleic acid synthesized? S What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? Hypoxic injury Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by: Endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus Which causes hypoxemia? respiratory alterations can cause hypoxemia Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response? Norepinephrine What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis. In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell. What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by 101. During an Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, the degranulation of mast cells is a result of which receptor action? Histamine bound to H2 What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions? Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. Type III hypersensitivity reactions are a result of which of the following? Antibodies binding to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes being deposited in the tissues Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cause of which disease? Systemic lupus erythematosus Why does tissue damage occur in acute rejection after organ transplantation? Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. Oncogenes are genes that are capable of: Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation After the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated, the resulting impulse is transmitted from the carotid artery by which sequence of events? From the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sympathetic activity Regarding the endothelium, what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation? Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when the patient is lying down. These clinical manifestations describe: Acute pericarditis Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism? Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response? IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma? An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis? A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, the pancreas, the sweat ducts, and the vas deferens What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis? A deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication? Laryngospasms Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? Cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces? Hydrostatic pressure Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure? Capillary hydrostatic At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because: The capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by: An increase in plasma osmolality Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? Underlying chronic illnesses exist. Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by: Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by: Binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma? A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture. What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water. Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of: Iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream Hemosiderosis results in what substance being stored in excess as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues? Iron What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells? Liquefactive During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because: The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of: Nitrogen What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia? Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised. Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: Is often the result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide? It decreases mast cell function and decreases platelet aggregation. Terms in this set (93) What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise? A) acoustic trauma and noise induced B) high frequency and low frequency C) high frequency and acoustic trama D) noise induced and low frequency Ans: A- acoustic trauma and noise induced A hypersensitivity reaction that produces an allergic response is called: A) hemolytic shosh B) anaphylaxis C) necrotizing vasculitis D) systemic erythematosus Ans: B- anaphylaxis Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells? A) IL-1 B) IL-10 C) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) D) interferon-alpha (IFN-a) Ans: D- interferon-a Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma? A) CD4 helper T1 (Th1) lymphocytes B) CD4 helper T2 (Th2) lymphocytes C) CD8 cytotoxic T (Tc) lymphocytes D) memory T lymphocytes Ans: B- CD4 helper T2 (Th2) lymphocytes Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem? A) the circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues B) complement and chemotaxis are deficient C) underlying chronic illnesses exist D) the number of mast cells is insufficient Ans: C- underlying chronic illnesses exist The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is that they: A) provide growth factor for tissue growth and development B) block the progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle C) restrain cell growth and development D) provide nutrients for cell growth and development Ans: A- provide growth factor for tissue growth and development Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen? A) size B) foreignness C) complexity D) quantity Ans: B- foreignness How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them? A) through the protein channel (gap junction) B) via the plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors) C) through hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters D) by chemical messengers such as ligands Ans: D- by chemical messengers such as ligands In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a: A) basal cell B) target cell C) caretaker gene D) proto-oncogene Ans: D- proto-oncogene What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? A) immature immune system B) small alveoli C) surfactant deficiency D) anemia Ans: C- surfactant deficiency Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away? A) paracrine B) autocrine C) neurotransmitter D) hormonal Ans: D- hormonal Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages? A) complement cascade B) coagulation system C) kinin system D) immune system Ans: A- complement cascade In a type III hypersensitivity reaction, the harmful effects after the immune complexes are deposited in tissues are a result of: A) cytotoxic T (Tc) cells B) natural killer (NK) cells C) complement activation D) degranulation of mast cells Ans: C- complement activation Which statement about exotoxins is true? A) exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria B) exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria C) exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation cascades D) exotoxins are released during bacterial growth Ans: D- exotoxins are released during bacterial growth Which intracardiac pressure is genreated by atrial contraction? A) A wave B) C wave C) Y descent D) X descent Ans: A- A wave Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of: A) liver cancer B) endometrial cancer C) stomach cancer D) colon cancer Ans: D- colon cancer Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema because of: A) losses or diminshed productionof plasma albumin B) inflammation resulting from an immune response C) blockage within the lymphatic channel system D) sodium and water retention Ans: D- sodium and water retention What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia? A) hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised B) skeletal muscle cells atrophy as a result of paralysis C) the heart muscle enlarges as a result of hypertension D) the size of the uterus increases during pregnancy Ans: A- hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised Which factor contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis? A) airway injury B) pulmonary infection C) increased goblet cell size D) bronchospasms Ans: C- increased goblet cell size During which phase of the cell cycle is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesized? A) G1 B) S C) G2 D) M Ans: B- S What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? A) hypoxic injury B) chemical injury C) infectious injury D) genetic injury Ans: A- hypoxic injury Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by: A) endogenous pyrogens acting direclty on the hypothalamus B) exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus C) immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus D) cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus Ans: A- endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus Which statement is true regarding hypoxemia? A) hypoxemia results in the increased oxygenation of arterial blood B) respiratory alterations cause hypoxemia C) hypoemia results in the decreased oxygenation of tissue cells D) various system changes cause hypoxemia Ans: B- respiratory alterations cause hypoxemia Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response? A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Ans: A- norepinephrine After the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated, the resulting impulse is transmitted from the carotid artery by which sequence of events? Ans: from the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve, through the vagus nerve, to the medulla, to increase parasympathetic activity and to decrease sytmpathetic activity Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms? Ans: bacteria Which T cells control or limit the immune response to protect the host's own tissues against autoimmune response? Ans: regulatory T cells Diagnostic blood work on individuals who perceive themselves to be in a chronic stress states will likely demonstrate: Ans: decreased cytotoxic T (Tc) cells Active transport occurs across which type of membranes? Ans: membranes that have receptors capable of binding with the substances to be transported Air passage among alveoli is collateral and evenly distributed because of the function of which structures? Ans: pores of Kohn What enables electrical impulses to travel in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion in myocardial cells? Ans: intercalated disks The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer? Ans: cervical Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which process? Ans: occlusion What medical term is used for a condition that results from pulmonary hypertension, creating chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle? Ans: Cor Pulmonale Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage inthe development of colon cancer? Ans: an accumulation of mutation in specific genes is required for the development of cancer Hypersensitivity is best defined as: Ans: an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? Ans: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma? Ans: an obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, chronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation Most cardiovascular developments occur between which weeks of gestation? Ans: fourth and seventh weeks Which solution is best to use when cleaning a wound that is healing by epithelialization? Ans: normal saline Which risk factor is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) because of its relationship with the alteration of hepatic lipoprotein? Ans: diabetes mellitus Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: Ans: is often the result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals When are childhood cancers most often diagnosed? Ans: at peak times of physical growth The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells? Ans: connective tissue cells How does the aging process of the T-cell activity affect older adults? Ans: tendency to develop various infections Which statement is true about phagocytosis? Ans: phagocytosis involves the ingestion of bacteria At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because: Ans: the capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? Ans: oxidative phosphorylation What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? Ans: atelectasis What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? Ans: hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water Which arterial pH will initiate the formation of ammonioum (NH4) from ammonia (NH3), referred to as acidemia, in the tubular lumen of the kidney? Ans: 7.25 It is true that natriuretic peptides: Ans: decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion Interferon-alpha (IFN-a) is secreted from which cells? Ans: macrophages Which class of immunoglobulins form is hemagglutinin? Ans: IgM What is the skin-related health risk induced by some types of chemotherapy? Ans: infection Which statement is true for the process of cellular reproduction? Ans: two diploid cells, called daughter cells, have been formed The action of which hormone helps explain increases in affective anxiety and eating disorders, mood cycles, and vulnerability to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in women as a result of stimulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene promoter and the central norepinephrine system? Ans: estrogen What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension? Ans: ischemia of the tubule The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by: Ans: endogenous pyrogens The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? Ans: PTH, calcitonin, and vitamin D What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes? Ans: B- depression of T-cell functions and enhancement of B-cell functions Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed the pressure in which structure before the left ventricle can eject blood? Ans: B- aorta Which predominantly female valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant ingeritance pattern and is thought to be associated iwth connective tissue disease? Ans: A- mitral valve prolapse What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis? Ans: C- deficit of IL-10 and an excess if IL-1, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) What is the consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? Ans: A- enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halthing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of: Ans: B- nitrogen Reflex control of total cardiac output and total peripheral resistance is controlled by what mechanism? Ans: C- autonomic control of the heart only Which statement is likely true regarding children being treated for cancer with radiation therapy? Ans: D- they are at increased risk for developing adult cancers The right lymphatic duct drains into which structure? Ans: C- right subclavian vein What are characteristics of benign tumors? Ans: benign tumors include the suffix -oma In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release: Ans: B- histamines, which limit the effects of histamine during acute inflammation What occurs during exocytosis? Ans: A- macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes What organic compounds facilitate transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, trnsport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? Ans: C- proteins What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma? Ans: B the tumor-suppressor gene is turned off Which disease is an example of a rickettsial infection? Ans: D- Rocky Mountain spotted fever Which statement is true about a eukaryotic cell? Ans: B- it contains compartments called organelles What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Ans: B- sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and free fatty acids? Ans: C- cortisol Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar cilitated epithelial cells of the bronchila lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? Ans: B- metaplasia What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production What is the initial manifestation of aortic coarctation observed in a neonate? Ans: A- congestive heart failure (CHF) Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response? Ans: D- IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which disease? Ans: A- cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension andischemic heart disease Which is an example of an endogenous antigen? Ans: B- cancer cells What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? Ans: B- increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoprotiens The fluid mosaic model explains: Ans: A- how a cell membrane functions The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is: Ans: A- bones Which function of the cardiovascular system is often affected by ischemia? Ans: A- cardiac output Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported? Ans: B- mediated Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Ans: C- hypocalcemia When an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absen breath sounds? Ans: B- right lung Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of: Ans: A- iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream How should the nurse reply when parent question why a computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head was not ordered for their five-year-old child after a minor fall? Ans: D- research suggests that repeated CT scans can increase the risk of developing brain cancer Terms in this set (141) Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata what pulmonary defense mechanism propels a mucous blanket that entraps particles moving toward the oropharynx cilia which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs ventilation aspiration is most likely to occur in the right mainstream bronchus because it extends vertically from the trachea when an individual aspirates food particles, where would the nurse expect to hear decreased or absent breath sounds right lung which describes the pressure in the pleural space below atmospheric what medical term is used for a condition that results from pulmonary hypertension, creating chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle cor pulmonale which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system stiffening of the chest wall Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) results from which alteration narrowed pulmonary capillaries Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is best described as a tumor that causes which alterations airway obstruction and atelectasis what medical term is used to identify the accumulation of air in the pleural space pneumothorax Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition pleural effusion How does chest wall compliance in an infant differ from that of an adult an adult's chest wall compliance is lower than an infants Which statement is true regarding hypoxemia respiratory alterations cause hypoxemia Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complications laryngospasms Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, seat ducts, and vas deferens Cystic fibrosis is caused by which process Autosomal recessive inheritance Which statement about the advances in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn is incorrect Administering oxygen to mothers during preterm labor increases their arterial oxygen before the birth of the fetus Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants Infants are obligatory nose breathers What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress (RDS) of the newborn Atelectasis Which option shows the correct sequence of events after atelectasis develops in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn Hypoxic vasoconstrictions, right-to-left shunt hypoperfusion Which condition is not a cause of chest wall restriction Pneumothorax Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia Pernicious The underlying disorder of which anemia is a result of the defective secretion of the intrinsic factor, which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 Pernicious After a person has a subtotal gastrectomy for chronic gastritis, which type of anemia will result Pernicious What causes the atrophy of gastric mucosal cells that result in pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 malabsorption Which anemia produces small, pale erythrocytes iron deficiency Which type of anemia is characterized by fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea, as well as conjunctiva of the eyes and brittle, concave nails Iron deficiency Sideroblastic anemia can occasionally result from an autosomal recessive transmission inherited from which relative mother Clinical manifestations of mild-to-moderate splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, bronze-colored skin, and cardiac dysrhythmias are indicative of which anemia Sideroblastic Considering sideroblastic anemia, what would be the expected effect on the plasma iron levels? Plasma iron levels would be high What term is used to describe the capacity of some erythrocytes to vary in size, especially in relationship to some anemia's Anisocytosis Granulocytes that contain granules of vasoactive amines, such as histamine, are called Basophils Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages are known as Monocytes Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process Neutrophils Which blood cell type is elevated at birth but decreases to adult levels during the first year of life Monocytes What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children Iron deficiency What is the fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia Hypoxia Which statement is true regarding warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia Erythrocytes are bound to macrophages and sequestered in the spleen When considering hemolytic anemia, which statement is true regarding the occurrence of jaundice Heme destruction exceeds the liver's ability to conjugate and excrete bilirubin The absence of parietal cells would prevent the absorption of an essential nutrient necessary to prevent which type of anemia Pernicious anemia What is the treatment of choice for pernicious anemia Vitamin B12 injection Which condition resulting from untreated pernicious anemia is fatal Heart failure What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia Chronic blood loss Continued therapy of pernicious anemia generally last how long The rest of one's life Which statement is true regarding ventilation Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia Which medication classification is generally included in the treatment of silicosis Corticosteroids Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion Eosinophil Hypersensitivity is best defines as an Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized Anaplasia What cellular characteristics are affected by anaplasia Size Ability to differentiate Tissue structure Shape The fluid mosaic model explains How a cell membrane functions Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane Lipid bilayer Most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the Nucleolus Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction Peroxisomes Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury Lysosomes During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized S How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them Chemical messengers such as ligands The role of cytokines in cell reproduction is that they Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replace by stratified squamous epithelial cells Metaplasia What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis Caseous After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen Hyperplasia The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is Pathologic hyperplasia Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing Hyperplasia What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is excised IFN-a is secreted from which cells Macrophages Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells IFN-a When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte Neutrophils In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant Monocytes What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes Suppression of B- and T- cell responses Diagnostic blood work on individuals who perceive themselves to be in a chronic stress will likely demonstrate Decreased Tc cells Dysplasia refers to an Modification in the shape of a specific cell type A frameshift mutation could result from (a second type of major mutation) either an insertion or a deletion of one or more base pairs ( can greatly alter the resulting amino acid sequence) Which statement does not accurately describe the pericardium It is made up of connective tissue and a surface layer of squamous cells Which chamber of the heart endures the highest pressures Left ventricle Oxygenated blood flows through which vessels Pulmonary veins Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in which structure before the left ventricle can eject blood Aorta A patient reports sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when lying down. These clinical manifestations describe Acute pericarditsis Your patient has just returned from a 6-month missionary trip to Southeast Asia. He reports unremitting cough, hemoptysis, and an unintentional weight loss of 10 pounds over the last month. These symptoms should prompt the clinician to suspect Tuberculosis Clinical manifestations that include unexplained weight loss, dyspnea on exertion, use of accessory muscles, and tachypnea with prolonged expiration are indicative of which respiratory disorder Emphysema Clinical manifestations of decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, shortness of breath, and productive cough are indicative of which respiratory disorder Chronic bronchitis Clinical manifestations of inspiratory and expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and tachypnea are indicative of which condition Asthma Which condition is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) The most successful treatment for chronic asthma begins with which action Avoidance of the causative agent What is the initial step in the management of emphysema Cessation of smoking In tuberculosis, the body walls off the bacilli in a tubercle by stimulating which action Apoptotic infected macrophages that activate cytotoxic T cells The progression of chronic bronchitis is best halted by which intervention smoking cessation Clinical manifestations of inspiratory crackles, increased tactile fremitus, egophony, and whispered pectoriloquy are indicative of which respiratory condition Pneumonia Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by which mechanism Impairing alveolocapillary membranes diffusion In acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with fluid as a result of which mechanism Inactivation of surfactant and the impairment of type II alveolar cells Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 Which statement accurately describes childhood asthma An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation Which statement is true regarding alveoli The alveoli begin to increase in size starting at 8 years of age The complexity of the alveoli increases into adulthood Capillaries are the origin of alveoli Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process To prevent infection of the injured tissue Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid Sebaceous gland sebum What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process Increased capillary permeability What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process Vasodilation of blood vessels Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages Complement cascade What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells Vasodilation The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages What is an outcome of the complement cascade Lysis of bacterial cell membranes The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by Directing leukocytes to inflamed area What affect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H2) receptor have on inflammation Inhibition Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what fashion Antagonistically Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion Eosinophil Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells Bone marrow What is the term for the process during which lymphoid stem cells migrate and change into either immunocompetent T cells or immunocompetent B cells Clonal diversity Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen Active-acquired immunity What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta Passive-acquired immunity The portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding is referred to as what type of determiant Epitope Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the antigen Foreignness When antigens are administered to produce immunity, why are different routes administration considered Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in different types of cellular humoral immunity The functions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and CD1 molecules are alike because both Are antigen-presenting molecules Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions IgA Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response IgM An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody IgA The B-cell receptor (BCR) complex functions uniquely by Communicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus Which statement is true concerning clonal selection This theory involves antigens that select those lymphoid organs Which is an example of an endogenous antigen Cancer cells Which cytokine is needed for the maturation of a functional helper T cell IL-2 Th2 cells produce IL-4 and suppress which cells Th1 cells Which statement is believed to be true concerning Th1 cells They are induced by antigens derived from cancer cells Which statement is believed to be true concerning Th2 cells Th2 cells are induced by antigens derived from allergens When a person is exposed to most antigens, antibodies can be usually detected in his or here circulation within 6 days How do antibodies protect the host from bacterial toxins Binding to the toxins to neutralize their biologic effects Which T cell controls or limits the immune response to protect the host's own tissues against an autoimmune response Regulatory T (Treg) cells Which statement is true concerning the IgM IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen Which cell has the ability to recognize antigens presented by the MHC class 1 molecules CD CD8 Which cell has a role in developing cell-mediated immunity Th1 How does the aging process of the T-cell activity affect the older adults Tendency to develop various infections Cytokines are vital to a cell's ability to do which function Communicate Hypersensitivity is best defined as an Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease What is the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface When soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue damage is a result of Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products Raynaud phenomenon is classified as a type III hypersensitivity reaction and is due to: Immune complexes that are deposited in capillary beds, blocking circulation Why does tissue damage occurs in acute refection after organ transplantation Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissues Considering the effects of nutritional deficiencies on the immune system, severe deficits in calories and protein lead to deficiencies in the formation of which immune cells T cells Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms Bacteria Which statement is true concerning a fungal infection Phagocytes and T lymphocytes control fungal infections Which cells are primary targets for HIV CD4 + Th cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells [Show More]

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